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RUSVM Epidemiology > Zoonoses from Milk and Water > Flashcards

Zoonoses from Milk and Water Flashcards

1
Q

classically milk-borne bacteria

A

Brucella spp.
Coxiella burnettii
Mycobacterium bovis

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2
Q

“classic” milkborne pathogens

A
  • Bacteria infect the animal systemically colonize the mammary glands
  • Bacteria can be secreted into milk in a chronic fashion, often with minimal symptoms in the animal
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3
Q

Modern pasteurization is based on…

A

Coxiella burnetii

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4
Q

Do we pasteurize all milk?

A

Not quite…

– Farmers on the farm
– Foreign travel
– “Raw milk” movement
– Imported soft cheeses

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5
Q

True/False: there can be direct transmission to humans in addition to transmission via milk

A

True:

  • Percutaneous or mucous membrane contact with infectious fluids
  • Aerosol exposure
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6
Q

Most M. bovis cases occur in…

A

…countries without pasteurization of milk or control programs in cattle

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7
Q

Transmission routes: M. bovis

A
  • Aerosol
  • oral exposure (intestinal or cervical lymphadenitis)
  • percutaneous exposure (lymphadenopathy of draining LN)
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8
Q

M. Bovis: Aerosol transmission to people =

A

pulmonary TB (culture to differentiate from M. tuberculosis)

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9
Q

Control of M. bovis

A
  • Eliminate animal reservoir (test-and-slaughter)

- milk pasteurization

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10
Q

True/False: Human infections of Brucella and Coxiella are easy to diagnose

A

False: difficult to diagnose without good index of suspicion

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11
Q

“undulant fever” or “Malta fever”

A

Brucellosis in humans

- recurring fever, abortions, Pleiomorphic symptoms: neurologic, endocarditis, possibly chronic fatigue

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12
Q

“Q fever”

A

Coxiella burnetii in humans

  • abortions, pleiomorphic symptoms
  • may present as atypical pneumonia or hepatitis
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13
Q

most pathogenic Brucella spp in humans

A

Brucella melitensis

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14
Q

Brucella abortus

A

pathogenic in humans

worldwide distribution

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15
Q

Brucella suis and canis

A

less pathogenic in humans

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16
Q

Brucella transmission

A

Ingestion
mucous membrane exposure
percutaneous inoculation
(Aborted placenta, fetus, fetal fluids, Unpasteurized milk, blood, urine, semen, feces, and uterine/vaginal secretions, Feed/water contamination)

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17
Q

controlling Brucella spp

A

Eliminate reservoir
monitor swine
reduce public exposure: pasteurization of milk and milk used to make soft cheeses

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18
Q

Coxiella burnetii: Q Fever

A

Used for the basis of pasteurization standards
Infects all dairy species
No eradication program in USA
Pasteurization of milk

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19
Q

Transmission of Coxiella burnetii

A

Extremely infectious via aerosol exposure (percutaneous and mucous membrane)
An issue of environmental contamination (aborted placenta/fetus, milk, feces, water, soil, meat)
Veterinary exposure is most likely from environmental sources on farms

20
Q

Barrier to control (milkborne)

A

wildlife reservoirs
social costs/veterinary infrastructure
compliance of animal owners

21
Q

Cryptosporidium and Giardia

A

Protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium is coccidia‐like; Giardia is flagellated)
transmission via water > food!
Infected animals can contaminate water supplies

22
Q

True/False: both Cryptosporidium and Giardia are diverse

A

True

23
Q

C. parvum

A

zoonotic

cattle are reservoir

24
Q

C. hominis

A

human to human

urban municipal water systems

25
Q

estimated number of people with Giardia

A

200 million people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have Giardia but only 50,000 cases reported
exact zoonotic capacity of Giardia has been long debated

26
Q

zoonotic types of Giardia

A

humans infection groups: type A and B

  • 10-20% cattle is type A
  • 50% dogs and cats have type A or B
27
Q

True/ False: Cryptospiridiosis in humans is usually severe

A

False: mild=diarrhea; severe in immunocompromised patients

28
Q

Giardia causes

A

chronic intestinal infections

29
Q

prevention of Cryptosporidium & Giardia

A

proper treatment (filtration) of drinking water; wash produce; reduce exposure to recreational water; no diapers in swimming pools!

30
Q

True/False: Leptospirosis is a waterborne disease

A

True

31
Q

Leptospirosis infects…

A

kidneys/ excreted in urine

32
Q

how long can animals excrete Leptospirosis in their urine

A

> 1 year

33
Q

Leptospirosis survives best in…

A

warm freshwater or mud

34
Q

Leptospirosis infection via…

A

Ingestion of water containing Leptospira
Mucous membrane or broken skin contact with water containing Leptospira
Contact with animal urine containing Leptospira

35
Q

Clinical Leptospirosis (acute)

A

Fever, depression, lethargy, +/‐ icterus
Headache/malaise/ocular pain in people
Acute renal damage or failure

36
Q

Clinical Leptospirosis (chronic)

A

Large animal abortions, stillbirths, weak offspring

Chronic renal insufficiency

37
Q

control of Leptospirosis

A 
reduce reservoir (rodent control) 
reduce human exposure (clean water, wear gloves when handling urine)
38
Q

Trematode life cycle

A 
Definitive host = a vertebrate
Intermediate host(s) = aquatic
Accidental hosts can be infected percutaneously
39
Q

Trematodes as zoonosis

A

Anthroponotic as well as zoonotic species

Disease occurs anywhere with appropriate water conditions and presence of intermediate hosts

40
Q

2nd most important human parasite after malaria

A

Schistosoma spp.

41
Q

Schistosoma japonicum

A

zoonotic: have domestic animal reservoirs

42
Q

Control of Schistosomiasis

A

Avoid swimming in fresh water

Treat reservoir hosts; kill intermediate molluscs

43
Q

Swimmer’s Itch

A

Caused by skin invasion by the aquatic stage of bird trematodes (Humans cannot be the definitive host)
Humans are accidental hosts – can result in skin lesions

44
Q

Fasciola spp. (Cattle Liver Flukes)

A

Important animal disease
Humans can be infected (vegetables contaminated with metacercariae)
- Humans are NOT infected via eating liver
In some parts of the world it is quite common in humans

45
Q

cause bovine abortion and are zoonotic

A

Brucella abortus
Leptospira spp.
Coxiella burnetii
Listeria monocytogenes

RUSVM Epidemiology (18 decks)

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