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RUSVM Epidemiology > Measures of Association > Flashcards

Measures of Association Flashcards

1
Q

what are measures of association

A

provide mathematical assessment of the relationship between a given exposure and outcome of interest

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2
Q

what 2 things do measures of association do

A

determine if there is an association

measure the strength of the association

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3
Q

what type of studies are MOA used in

A

analytical

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4
Q

when comparing exposure groups we assume the exposure is not associated with the disease if:

A

same amount of disease found in a group of subjects that has the exposure and dont have the exposure

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5
Q

when comparing outcome groups we assume the exposure is not associated with the disease if:

A

same amount of the exposure is found in a group of diseased subjects as non-diseased subjects

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6
Q

why use MOA

A

to make comparisons

  • compare exposure groups
  • compare outcome groups
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7
Q

4 types of MOA

A

odds ratio

relative risk

attributable risk

prevalence ratio

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8
Q

when is odds ratio used

A

cross-sectional studies

case-control studies

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9
Q

what MOA can be used in prospective studies used to compare outcomes

A

relative risk (incidence ratio)
attributable risk
- prospective cohort studies
- clinical trials

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10
Q

when is prevalence ratio used

A

retrospective cohort studies

cross-sectional studies

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11
Q

T/F incidence can be measured in case-control and cross-sectional studies

A

false

exposure and disease have already occurred

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12
Q

odds ratio

A

ratio of the odds of exposure in the diseased group to the odds of exposure in the non-diseased group

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13
Q

odds

A

ratio of number exposed to number not exposed

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14
Q

how do you calculate odds ratio

A

odds of exposure in the non-diseased group

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15
Q

if OR=1

A

odds of exposure among cases was equal to that of controls

no association

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16
Q

if OR>1

A

odd of exposure among cases was greater than that of control

positive association (prob. causal)

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17
Q

if OR

A

odds of exposure among cases was greater than that of controls

negative association ( possible protective)

18
Q

T/F OR tells you if there is an association and the magnitude of associate

A

true

19
Q

which observational study design compares exposed to non-exposed

A

cohort
clinical trials
cross-sectional studies

20
Q

incidence (risk)

A

measure used to compare the amount of disease that occurs in the exposed and unexposed groups in prospective studies

21
Q

cumulative incidence (attack rate, risk)

A

number of new cases at the end of the study divided by population at risk at the beginning of study

22
Q

relative risk

A

used to compare the risk (or incidence) of disease that occurs in the exposed and unexposed groups

23
Q

how do you calculate relative risk

A

risk of disease in unexposed group

24
Q

if RR=1

A

risk in exposed = risk in unexposed

no association

25
Q

if RR>1

A

risk in exposed is greater than unexposed

positive association

26
Q

if RR

A

risk of disease in exposed is less than risk in unexposed

negative association

27
Q

attributable risk (AR)

A

amount of proportion of overall disease incidence in a population or group that can be attributed to a specific exposure

28
Q

AR interpreted as

A

% of the overall disease incidence can be attributed to this particular exposure

29
Q

T/F attributable risk is used to quantify an association

A

false

used to set priorities in disease control programs

30
Q

how do you calculate attributable risk

A

risk exposed

31
Q

prevalence ratio

A

measure used to compare the amount of disease that occurred in the exposed and unexposed groups in retrospective studies

32
Q

prevalence

A

probability if being diseased

of diseased/ total # exposed

33
Q

how to calculate prevalence ratio

A

prevalence of disease in unexposed

34
Q

PR= 1

A

no association

35
Q

PR>1

A

positive association (possible causal)

36
Q

PR

A

negative association (posible protective)

37
Q

which study design uses odds and OR

A

case-control

38
Q

which study design(s) use incidence and RR

A

prospective cohort

clinical trial

39
Q

which study design(s) use prevalence and PR

A

retrospective cohort

40
Q

T/F there are no measures of exposure or association for case reports/series

A

true

RUSVM Epidemiology (18 decks)

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