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RUSVM Epidemiology > Viral Foodborne Diseases > Flashcards

Viral Foodborne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

true/false: viruses are the most common cause of foodborne illness

A

true

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2
Q

true/false: testing for viral etiologies of diarrheal disease is commonly done

A

false

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3
Q

pathologic viruses

A

Hepatitis A virus
Norovirus group
Rotavirus
Other viral agents (astroviruses, adenoviruses, parvoviruses)

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4
Q

Hepatitis A

A

accounts for 90% of viral hepatitis infections worldwide
shed into bile → Exits via feces
Majority of infections are asymptomatic
Infection in infancy or childhood is asymptomatic

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5
Q

true/false: true number of Hepatitis a infections is unknown

A

true

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6
Q

Hepatitis A reservoir

A

People: most important

possible non human primates

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7
Q

Hepatitis A: high endemicity

A

In least developed countries
poor socioeconomic conditions
Entire population is infected as children minimal clinical disease

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8
Q

Hepatitis A: low endemicity

A

developed countries, better sanitation reduces transmission
Seroprevalence is lower
Often see more outbreaks: adults susceptible

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9
Q

Hepatitis A: transmission

A

direct: fecal-oral (most important)
vehicle: food, water contaminated with feces

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10
Q

Hepatitis A: clinical signs

A

Related to hepatitis
Diarrhea, dark urine, jaundice, and flu‐like
symptoms
Nausea, anorexia, fever, malaise, or abdominal pain

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11
Q

Hepatitis A: Case Definition/Diagnosis (CDC)

A
  1. Discrete onset of clinical signs
  2. Jaundice or elevated serum aminotransferase
    AND
    Either: Positive serologic test for IgM antibody to Hep A
    OR: An epidemiological link to a lab confirmed case Household or sexual contact
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12
Q

Hepatitis A: treatment

A

supportive

post exposure prophylaxis

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13
Q

Hepatitis A: prevention

A

Target the host: vaccination
Target the vehicle
Block transmission

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14
Q

what is the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide

A

Norovirus

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15
Q

percent of known foodborne illnesses caused by Norovirus

A

58%

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16
Q

Norovirus: reservoir

A

people

17
Q

Norovirus: transmission

A

direct: fecal-oral
vehicle: food and water contaminated with feces, fomites

18
Q

Norovirus: clinical signs

A

nausea
acute onset vomiting
watery non-bloody diarrhea with abdominal cramps

19
Q

Norovirus: case definition/diagnosis

A
  1. Kaplan Criteria used to determine if an outbreak was caused by Norovirus:
    - Mean(median) illness duration: 12 – 60hrs
    - Mean (median) incubation period: 24 – 48hrs
    - More than 50% of people with vomiting
    - No bacterial agent found
  2. RT PCR of stool, vomit or environmental samples
20
Q

Norovirus: treatment

A

supportive

21
Q

Norovirus: prevention

A

Target the vehicle: Proper preparation, cooking and handling of food: MOST IMPORTANT
Block transmission: Personal hygiene and hand washing

22
Q

true/false: Norovirus outbreaks are generally small

A 
false: 
Multiple potential modes of transmission
Prolonged asymptomatic shedding
Environmental stability of the virus
Lack of persistent cross‐protective immunity
23
Q

restaurant workers

A

Low paid
No or poor benefits
Have to work when sick
Norovirus, Influenza

24
Q

Noroviruses and cruise ships

A

The increase in gastroenteritis on cruise ships is primarily attributed to noroviruses
Noroviruses have caused large consecutive cruise ship outbreaks
Prompt implementation of disease control measures are key to controlling norovirus outbreaks

25
Q

what is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children around the world

A

rotovirus

26
Q

Rotovirus: reservoir

A

people

many species of animals (livestock, monkeys)

27
Q

Rotovirus: transmission

A

direct: fecal-oral
vehicle: contaminated food and water, fomites (virus is hardy-lasts for weeks in environment)

28
Q

Rotovirus: hight risk for transmission

A

Children attending day care centres
Children in hospital wards
Parents or workers in day care or hospitals
Immunodeficient people

29
Q

Rotovirus: clinical signs

A 
In children 3 to 36 months of age
First infection after 3 months of age is most severe up until about 36 months
Diarrhea, in most cases is self limiting
May see temporary lactose intolerance
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances
30
Q

Rotovirus: case definition/diagnosis

A

no definitive case definition

Rotavirus antigen in stool detected with enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

31
Q

Rotovirus: treatment

A

supportive

32
Q

Rotovirus: prevention

A

target host
target vehicle
block transmission

33
Q

Rotovirus: vaccination

A

children get infected very young

- 2 vaccines available (2-3 oral doses at 2 months of age)

34
Q

by contrast bacterial illness:

A

Usually have a moderate incubation period, lack of vomiting, and somewhat longer duration of illness

35
Q

by contrast parasitic illness:

A

Usually have a longer incubation period (1 to 2 weeks) and a longer duration of illness (>2 to 3 weeks)

36
Q

other viral agents include

A

Astroviruses, adenoviruses, parvoviruses

RUSVM Epidemiology (18 decks)

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