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RUSVM Epidemiology > Study Design > Flashcards

Study Design Flashcards

1
Q

goals of epidemiological studies

A

describe disease

identify associations

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2
Q

a good study is:

A

scientifically sound

valid

precise

efficient

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3
Q

descriptive study designs

A

not comparing groups

case reports
case series
cross-sectional descriptive studies

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4
Q

analytical study designs

A

groups are compared

experimental
observational

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5
Q

analytical study: experimental

A

clinical trials (treated/exposed)

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6
Q

analytical study: observational

A

compare groups of populations- ecological

compare groups of individuals- cross-sectional analytical studies, case-control, cohort (prospective and retrospective)

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7
Q

characteristics of descriptive studies

A

describe disease

no hypothesis is tested

no groups compared

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8
Q

characteristics of analytical studies

A

determine if there is an association and if so the strength

designed to test hypothesis

always compares groups

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9
Q

descriptive study: 1 subject

A

case report

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10
Q

descriptive study: a few subjects (6-12)

A

case series

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11
Q

descriptive study: lots of subjects (several dozen to hundreds)

A

descriptive cross sectional

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12
Q

disadvantages of case reports and case series

A

small number of cases

findings are not generalizable to the population

strictly descriptive

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13
Q

disadvantages of case reports and case series

A

small number of cases

findings are not generalizable to the population

strictly descriptive

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14
Q

descriptive cross-sectional study

A

sample of population

estimate the amount and distribution of disease

measure of disease occurrence is usually prevalence

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15
Q

steps of descriptive cross-sectional study

A

select subjects from the source population

measure the disease i each study subject

calculate the measure of disease occurrence

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16
Q

advantages of descriptive cross-sectional study

A

can generalized to the population

fast and cheap

provide good descriptive or baseline data for future

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17
Q

disadvantages of descriptive cross-sectional study

A

not good for causality

prevalence is of limited value

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18
Q

what is an association

A

when one changes so does the other

exposure and outcome are dependent on one another

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19
Q

outcome

A

a result or response, usually a disease or some other change in health status

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20
Q

exposure

A

potential determinant of disease or health status

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21
Q

T/F an exposure may increase, decrease, or have no effect at all

A

true

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22
Q

determinant (risk factor)

A

once an exposure is shown to be associated with disease

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23
Q

T/F analytical studies compare groups on the basis of either exposure or outcome

A

true

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24
Q

T/F controls are essential for measuring the effect of exposure

A

true

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25
Q

T/F controls are the reference group

A

true

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26
Q

how are analytical groups compared

A

exposure or outcome

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27
Q

observational studies

A

observes real life situations and draw inferences from them

not given a treatment or exposure

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28
Q

experimental studies

A

investigator manipulates subjects

subjects are selected and the allocated to receive a treatment or an exposure

29
Q

selected

A

subjects selected because of their characteristics

30
Q

allocated

A

assigned- experimental studies only

located to receive a treatment or exposure in order to study the effect

31
Q

subjects selected because..

A

represent a population

exposure status

outcome status

32
Q

randomization

A

process of making something random

each subject has an equal chance of being selected or allocated

33
Q

sampling

A

subset of a population/group

goal is to select sample to represents population or group studies

34
Q

T/F in experimental studies subjects randomly allocated to groups

A

true

35
Q

experimental studies as also known as

A

randomized control trials

clinical trials

36
Q

T/F experimental studies can be done in the lab or field

A

true

37
Q

advantages of experimental studies

A

may establish causality

well-controlled studies are essential free of bias and confounding

statistically powerful

exposures and outcomes are clearly measured during the study

38
Q

disadvantages of experimental studies

A

expensive and very narrow in scope

not always ethical

placebo effect

loss of follow-up can be higher for some treatments

39
Q

T/F in observational studies are selected to participate in the study and then classified into groups

A

true

40
Q

what are 2 broad types of observational designs

A

populations

individuals

41
Q

ecological study designs

A

compares groups of populations

42
Q

T/F no measurements are made on individuals-all measured at a population level

A

true

43
Q

steps in ecology study

A

select a sample of populations

find population-level statistics on exposure and outcome for each population

compare groups of populations

44
Q

T/F exposure and outcome are not measured at an individual level, but at the population level

A

true

45
Q

advantages of ecological study design

A

can be done quickly and inexpensively

analysis and interpretation are relatively simple

can assess a wide range of exposure levels

46
Q

disadvantages of ecological study design

A

ecologic fallacy

cannot detect subtle of complicated relationships

47
Q

what is an ecologic fallacy

A

relationship observed at the population level may not hold true at the individual level

48
Q

observational study on individuals

A

based on reason for selecting study subjects: represent a populations, have a certain outcome or exposure

49
Q

analytical cross-section studies

A

individuals selected to represent a population

only selected one

50
Q

T/F analytical cross-section studies measure both exposure and outcome (usually at the same time)

A

true

51
Q

advantages of analytical cross-sectional studies

A

can generalize to population

fast and cheap

provide good descriptive or baseline data for future studies

52
Q

disadvantages of analytical cross sectional studies

A

not good for causality

prevalence is limited (disease of long duration will have high prevalence even if incidence is low)

53
Q

T/F diseases of short duration and high mortality will be under-represented in an analytical cross-sectional study

A

true

prevalence is limited in nature

54
Q

case-control studies

A

individuals are selected to represent outcome

selected because of outcome status

55
Q

T/F with case-control studies there is an association if the amount of exposure is different between the 2 outcome (disease) groups

A

true

number of subjects with the exposure are counted in each outcome and compared

56
Q

selection in case-control studies

A

selection of cases

selection of controls

57
Q

case definition

A

clearly describes and defines cases of the disease of interest

58
Q

advantages of case control studies

A

short timeline

can look at multiple risk factors at one time

good for studying rare disease

59
Q

disadvantages of case-control studies

A

poor selection of control can invalidate entire study

depends on accurate assessment of exposures that happened in the past

60
Q

cohort studies

A

selected to represent exposure groups

used to study the effect of an exposure

61
Q

what are they two types of cohort studies

A

prospective

retrospective

62
Q

prospective cohort

A

forward in time

subjects selected based on exposure status and then followed over time to see if they develop the outcome

63
Q

measure of association for prospective cohort

A

relative risk

64
Q

retrospective cohort

A

back in time

selected based on exposure status, then outcome is determined from history, records, questionnaires, tests etc to determine if had/have outcome

65
Q

measure of association for retrospective cohort

A

prevalence ratio (disease has already occurred)

66
Q

advantages of prospective cohort studies

A

better to establish causality

can look at multiple exposures at one time

good for studying rare exposures

67
Q

disadvantages of prospective cohort studies

A

can take a long time

have to deal with changing study populations

depends on accurate assessment of exposures and consistent assessment over time

68
Q

advantages of retrospective cohort study

A

short timeline

can look at multiple exposures at one time

good for rare exposures

69
Q

disadvantages of retrospective cohort studies

A

not as good for establishing causality

poor selection of controls can invalidate the entire study

depends upon accurate assessment of diseases that happened in past

RUSVM Epidemiology (18 decks)

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