Zoonoses - Carnivore And Milk

Question 1

What type of parasite is toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 1

Apicoplexan protozoan parasite

Question 2

When are cats usually infected with toxoplasma gondii? How long to they secrete it?

Answer 2

Early life

“Immature” oocyts are secreted for 1-3wks

Question 3

The initial infection of toxoplasma gondi is in the __________ which is the tachyzoite stage

Answer 3

Macrophages

Question 4

When immunity develops against toxoplasma gondii, the protozoa localized in ____________ as bradyzoites

Answer 4

Muscular tissue/neurological tissue

Question 5

How can humans be exposed to toxoplasma ?

Answer 5

Oocyst in soil

Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat

Question 6

In what people do toxoplasma infections usually cause disease?

Answer 6

Poor immunity - AIDS

Pregnancy

Question 7

How can you minimize the risk of toxoplasma in people

Answer 7

No control in cats

Pregnant women can be tested for Ab
Buy cats that are less likely to shed
Prevent oocyst sporulation
Reduce exposure

Question 8

T/F: parasitic nematodes are almost always migratory during the larval stages

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is the term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?

Answer 9

Larval migrans

Question 10

What roundworms can cause visceral larval migrans, and rarely ocular or neurologic larval migrans?

Answer 10

Toxocara

T. Canis
T. Cati
T. Vitularum

Question 11

How can toxocariasis be prevented?

Answer 11

Reduce the reservoir: regular antihelminthic of cats and dogs

Question 12

What roundworm has a raccoon reservoir and causes visceral or ocular larval migrans

Answer 12

Baylisascaris procyonis

Question 13

What causes hydatid cyst disease?

Answer 13

Echinococcus granulosus

> larvae fluid filled cyst in multiple tissue, often liver, sometimes brain

Question 14

What causes alveolar cyst disease?

Answer 14

Echinococcus multioculris

Multilocular, small, solid cysts in tissues, often liver

Question 15

What is the reservoir and intermediate hosts for echinococcus sp?

Answer 15

Reservoir: Canids

Intermediate host: prey animals

Question 16

How do humans usually get infected by echinococcus granulosus?

Answer 16

Ingestion of eggs (on dog fur or soil)

Question 17

How can cystic echinococcus be prevented?

Answer 17

Prevent infection in dogs-> treatment with praziquantel
Stray dog control
Condemnation/disposal of infected offal
Hygiene

Question 18

The natural cycle of alveolar echinococcus is between?

Answer 18

Fox and rodents

Found in northern hemisphere

Question 19

How can alveolar ecchinococcus be prevented?

Answer 19

Routine antihelminthic treatment in dog 
Reduce exposure to rodent 
Treat fox 
Education
Stray dog control

Question 20

What is the main control for milk borne disease?

Answer 20

Pasteurization

Question 21

What are the milk borne diseases?

Answer 21

Mycobacterium bovis
Brucellosis
Coxiella burnetii

Question 22

What are signs of M. Bovis infection in animals?

Answer 22

Weakness, anorexia, low grade fever

Pneumonia with chronic cough

Question 23

What are signs of human infection with mycobacterium bovis?

Answer 23

Percutaneous: nodules and ulcers

Pulmonary: classic TB

Ingestion: gingivitis, mesenteric adenopathy

Question 24

T/F: the human TB vaccine is partially effective against M. Bovis

Answer 24

True

Depends on the strain

Question 25

What are signs of brucella in animals

Answer 25

Abortion
Infertility
Mastitis (goat)

Question 26

What are signs of brucella in humans?

Answer 26

Septicemic form: fever, headache, back pain
Visceral: orchiepidiymite, osteo articularie
Chronic: joint pain

Question 27

What are ways humans can be exposed to brucella?

Answer 27

Unpastureized milk
Blood exposure
Contact inhalation
Hunting feral swine

Question 28

How can humans contact coxiella burnetii?

Answer 28

Inhale aerosol
Ingestion
Percutaneous

Question 29

What milk borne disease in humans can range form asymptomatic to flu-like, to pulmonary disease?

Answer 29

Coxiella burnetii

Question 30

How do we prevent coxiella burnetii?

Answer 30

Individual protection
Disinfect enviro
Destroy placenta
Pasteurize milk

Question 31

What are common water borne diseases?

Answer 31

Leptospirosis 
Cryptosporidium 
Giardia 
Schistosoma
Fasciola

Question 32

What waterborne protozoan parasite usually causes a mild diarrhea in humans and animals

Answer 32

Cryptosporidium

More severe disease in immunocompromised

Question 33

What water borne protozoa is associated with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and malabsorption in humans?

Answer 33

Giardia

Dogs-> vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss

Question 34

How can giardia and cryptosporidium be prevented?

Answer 34

Filtration of drinking water
Reduce exposure to recreational water

Resistant to disinfection

Question 35

How do human infections with Fasciola spp occur?

Answer 35

Consume contaminated vegetables

Question 36

T/F: accidental hosts of trematodes can be infected perutaenously

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What causes “swimmer itch”? Who is the reservoir?

Answer 37

Schistoma spp

Mammal hosts -> percutaneous infection

Question 38

What is the transmission of leptospira spp?

Answer 38

Excreted in urine -> water-> ingestion or through broken skin contact

Question 39

Water borne disease that causes renal insufficiency
In acute disease…Fever, drepresion, lethargy
In chronic disease… abortion, stillbirth

Answer 39

Leptospirosis

Question 40

How do we prevent leptospirosis ?

Answer 40

Reduce reservoir

• rodent control
• treat infected animals
• vaccines

Reduce human exposure

• clean/treated water supply
• gloves