Emerging disease, disaster, and risk communication.

Question 1

A disease that is previously unknown that suddenly appears in a population

Answer 1

Emerging disease

Question 2

A known diesels that suddenly appears in a new population

Answer 2

Emerging

Question 3

A known disease that was previously on the decline that is becoming more common and will likely continue to do so

Answer 3

Re-emerging

Question 4

What is the first strange of cross-species disease emergence

Answer 4

Pathogen is exclusive to animal reservoir

Question 5

What is the second stage of cross-species disease emergence?

Answer 5

Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals, but no transmission among them

Question 6

What is the third stage of cross-species disease emergence?

Answer 6

Animal reservoir transmits to humans/animals with few cycles of transmission among them

Question 7

What is the 4th stage of cross-species disease emergence

Answer 7

Animal reservoir transmits to humans/animals with sustained transmission among them

Question 8

What is the last stage of cross-species disease emergence

Answer 8

Pathogen exclusive to humans or new animal reservoir

Question 9

T/F: rabies and WNV are diseases that have stage 2 cross-species emergence

Answer 9

True

Can be transmitted from reservoir to animal/humans (dead end hosts)

Question 10

What stage of cross species emergence are disease like Mycobacterium bovis and Nipah virus

Answer 10

Stage 3

Few cycles of transmission between humans /new animal sp

Question 11

SARS, Schmallenberg virus, and Swine influenza are examples of disease which have a stage _______ cross-species emergence

Answer 11

4

Question 12

What are examples of a stage 5 cross-species emergencies where the pathogen is exclusive to a new reservoir

Answer 12

Human examples

HIV
Measles 
Smallpox
Dengue fever
Yellow fever

Question 13

What are the 4 drivers to pathogen emergence?

Answer 13

Land use changes
Food and agriculture systems
Environmental systems
Human behavior

Question 14

How can urbanization drive pathogen emergece?

Answer 14

Increased density of susceptible human populations

Question 15

How has our livestock production changed that has led to increases in pathogen emergence

Answer 15

Number of livestock produced is increased

• fewer buildings with smaller holders
• production/output per animal is increasing
• uniform genetics, production, susceptible

Question 16

In what ways can human behaviour increase pathogen emergence?

Answer 16

Increased travel and tourism

• increased contact with domestic sp and wildlife
• increased exotic animal ownership

Intentional release (bioterrorism)

Question 17

_______% of emerging disease of humans are zoonotic

Answer 17

75

Question 18

In relation to phylogenetic distance, what is the best to least effect tranmission ?

Answer 18

Best: within species

pathogens more likely to cross between phylogenetically closely related

Least likely to cross between phylogenetically distant species

Question 19

T/F” pathogens that cross between distantly related species often cause very different and more severe disease

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is a hazard?

Answer 20

Danger or risk of an event occurring

Question 21

What is a disaster ? How is it defined?

Answer 21

Serious disruption in functions of a community with widespread impacts

• profound and overwhelming effects
• need for external help

Question 22

Hurricanes, flooding, and earthquakes are examples of ____________ disasters

Answer 22

Natural

Question 23

The deliberative release of virus, bacteria, toxin, or harmful agents is called?

Answer 23

Bioterrorism

Question 24

The malicious attempt to disrupt/destroy the agricultural system or food supply by the used of pathogens is called?

Answer 24

Agroterrorism

Question 25

Why should we have disaster planning?

Answer 25

Reduce loss of life and property Better response and recover Prioritize needs Help maintain essential functions

Question 26

What are the 4 phases of disaster management?

Answer 26

Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery

Question 27

What is mitigation?

Answer 27

Attempt to prevent hazards from developing to disasters OR to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur

Question 28

Of the 4 phases of disaster management, having provisions to ensure that all the resources/services needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly deployed falls under what category?

Answer 28

Preparedness

Question 29

What is response, with regard to disaster management?

Answer 29

Actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, miminized damage, and speed recovery

Question 30

____________ is when actions are taken to return to a normal for improved operating condition following a dictated

Answer 30

Recover

Question 31

What are issues surrounding companion animals in disasters?

Answer 31

Failure of ppl to evacuate because of pets Animal abandonment Logistics of care and shelter Animal ID Reuniting with owners Adoption

Question 32

Who is the rapid local response that is intended for used by local government and agencies to provide care and minimize animal suffering after a disaster?

Answer 32

County animal response team

Question 33

What response team is responsible for interagency preparedness, planning, response, and recovery of animals in emergency?

Answer 33

State animal response team

Question 34

At the federal level, who are the 4 agencies involved in animal disaster response?

Answer 34

Veterinary medical assistance team National veterinary response team National animal health emergency response corp US Public Health Service

Question 35

Who provides operational assistance to state animal health authorities, and must be requested by that state?

Answer 35

Veterinary medical assistance team

Question 36

What team is made up of private citizens who are approved as intermittent federal employees in a disaster. These teams are involved in assessing veterinary medical needs, stabilization of animals, disease surveillance, hazard mitigation, and animal decontamination.

Answer 36

National veterinary response team

Question 37

What organization responds to exotic disease outbreaks and other disasters affecting livestock, poultry, companion animals a d livestock

Answer 37

National animals health emergency response corp (NAHERC)

Question 38

T/F: the national animal health emergency response corp operatives under the department of health and humans services

Answer 38

FALSE NAHERC -> under Dept Animal and plant inspection service NVRT-> under Dept of health and human services

Question 39

What plan provides a comprehensive, national all-hazards approach to domestic incident response?

Answer 39

National response framework (NRF) -align key roles from all agencies and jurisdictions Always in effect

Question 40

The national incident management system is what??

Answer 40

System of concepts and principles for incident command and multi-agency coordination

Question 41

What are the five main managent functions of the incident command system?

Answer 41

``` Incident command Logistics Operations (vets here) Planning (vets here) Finance and administration ```

Question 42

What is risk?

Answer 42

Probability/threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities that may be avoided through preemptive action

Question 43

What are the two risk equations?

Answer 43

Risk = probability x severity Risk = hazard + outrage

Question 44

T/F: zero risk is unachevable

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What are human reactions to risk, most frequent to rare?

Answer 45

Acceptance > fear > denial > panic

Question 46

Denial can be reduced by??

Answer 46

We legitimize fear We take actions to address fear We make decisions to act from a given range of options

Question 47

What are the 4 tasks of risk communication

Answer 47

1. Precaution advocacy - hazard high but outrage is low -> alert people to watch out 2. Outrange management - hazard is low but outrage is high -> calm down 3. Crisis communication - hazard and outrage are high -> help upset people cope with risk 4. Sweet spot- when outrage and hazard are both intermediate

Question 48

What are the two most common mistakes in risk communication ?

Answer 48

Withholding information (usually with intent to prevent panic) Over-assurance of audience -> eg tell client vaccination = no chance of disease --> very mad client if disease occurs