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RUSVM Epidemiology > Emerging disease, disaster, and risk communication. > Flashcards

Emerging disease, disaster, and risk communication. Flashcards

1
Q

A disease that is previously unknown that suddenly appears in a population

A

Emerging disease

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2
Q

A known diesels that suddenly appears in a new population

A

Emerging

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3
Q

A known disease that was previously on the decline that is becoming more common and will likely continue to do so

A

Re-emerging

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4
Q

What is the first strange of cross-species disease emergence

A

Pathogen is exclusive to animal reservoir

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5
Q

What is the second stage of cross-species disease emergence?

A

Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals, but no transmission among them

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6
Q

What is the third stage of cross-species disease emergence?

A

Animal reservoir transmits to humans/animals with few cycles of transmission among them

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7
Q

What is the 4th stage of cross-species disease emergence

A

Animal reservoir transmits to humans/animals with sustained transmission among them

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8
Q

What is the last stage of cross-species disease emergence

A

Pathogen exclusive to humans or new animal reservoir

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9
Q

T/F: rabies and WNV are diseases that have stage 2 cross-species emergence

A

True

Can be transmitted from reservoir to animal/humans (dead end hosts)

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10
Q

What stage of cross species emergence are disease like Mycobacterium bovis and Nipah virus

A

Stage 3

Few cycles of transmission between humans /new animal sp

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11
Q

SARS, Schmallenberg virus, and Swine influenza are examples of disease which have a stage _______ cross-species emergence

A

4

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12
Q

What are examples of a stage 5 cross-species emergencies where the pathogen is exclusive to a new reservoir

A

Human examples

HIV
Measles 
Smallpox
Dengue fever
Yellow fever
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13
Q

What are the 4 drivers to pathogen emergence?

A

Land use changes
Food and agriculture systems
Environmental systems
Human behavior

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14
Q

How can urbanization drive pathogen emergece?

A

Increased density of susceptible human populations

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15
Q

How has our livestock production changed that has led to increases in pathogen emergence

A

Number of livestock produced is increased

  • fewer buildings with smaller holders
  • production/output per animal is increasing
  • uniform genetics, production, susceptible
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16
Q

In what ways can human behaviour increase pathogen emergence?

A

Increased travel and tourism

  • increased contact with domestic sp and wildlife
  • increased exotic animal ownership

Intentional release (bioterrorism)

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17
Q

_______% of emerging disease of humans are zoonotic

A

75

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18
Q

In relation to phylogenetic distance, what is the best to least effect tranmission ?

A

Best: within species

pathogens more likely to cross between phylogenetically closely related

Least likely to cross between phylogenetically distant species

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19
Q

T/F” pathogens that cross between distantly related species often cause very different and more severe disease

A

True

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20
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Danger or risk of an event occurring

21
Q

What is a disaster ? How is it defined?

A

Serious disruption in functions of a community with widespread impacts

  • profound and overwhelming effects
  • need for external help
22
Q

Hurricanes, flooding, and earthquakes are examples of ____________ disasters

A

Natural

23
Q

The deliberative release of virus, bacteria, toxin, or harmful agents is called?

A

Bioterrorism

24
Q

The malicious attempt to disrupt/destroy the agricultural system or food supply by the used of pathogens is called?

A

Agroterrorism

25
Q

Why should we have disaster planning?

A

Reduce loss of life and property
Better response and recover
Prioritize needs
Help maintain essential functions

26
Q

What are the 4 phases of disaster management?

A

Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery

27
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Attempt to prevent hazards from developing to disasters OR to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur

28
Q

Of the 4 phases of disaster management, having provisions to ensure that all the resources/services needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly deployed falls under what category?

A

Preparedness

29
Q

What is response, with regard to disaster management?

A

Actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, miminized damage, and speed recovery

30
Q

____________ is when actions are taken to return to a normal for improved operating condition following a dictated

A

Recover

31
Q

What are issues surrounding companion animals in disasters?

A

Failure of ppl to evacuate because of pets
Animal abandonment

Logistics of care and shelter

Animal ID

Reuniting with owners

Adoption

32
Q

Who is the rapid local response that is intended for used by local government and agencies to provide care and minimize animal suffering after a disaster?

A

County animal response team

33
Q

What response team is responsible for interagency preparedness, planning, response, and recovery of animals in emergency?

A

State animal response team

34
Q

At the federal level, who are the 4 agencies involved in animal disaster response?

A

Veterinary medical assistance team

National veterinary response team

National animal health emergency response corp

US Public Health Service

35
Q

Who provides operational assistance to state animal health authorities, and must be requested by that state?

A

Veterinary medical assistance team

36
Q

What team is made up of private citizens who are approved as intermittent federal employees in a disaster. These teams are involved in assessing veterinary medical needs, stabilization of animals, disease surveillance, hazard mitigation, and animal decontamination.

A

National veterinary response team

37
Q

What organization responds to exotic disease outbreaks and other disasters affecting livestock, poultry, companion animals a d livestock

A

National animals health emergency response corp (NAHERC)

38
Q

T/F: the national animal health emergency response corp operatives under the department of health and humans services

A

FALSE

NAHERC -> under Dept Animal and plant inspection service

NVRT-> under Dept of health and human services

39
Q

What plan provides a comprehensive, national all-hazards approach to domestic incident response?

A

National response framework (NRF)

-align key roles from all agencies and jurisdictions
Always in effect

40
Q

The national incident management system is what??

A

System of concepts and principles for incident command and multi-agency coordination

41
Q

What are the five main managent functions of the incident command system?

A 
Incident command 
Logistics 
Operations (vets here)
Planning (vets here)  
Finance and administration
42
Q

What is risk?

A

Probability/threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities that may be avoided through preemptive action

43
Q

What are the two risk equations?

A

Risk = probability x severity

Risk = hazard + outrage

44
Q

T/F: zero risk is unachevable

A

True

45
Q

What are human reactions to risk, most frequent to rare?

A

Acceptance > fear > denial > panic

46
Q

Denial can be reduced by??

A

We legitimize fear
We take actions to address fear
We make decisions to act from a given range of options

47
Q

What are the 4 tasks of risk communication

A
  1. Precaution advocacy - hazard high but outrage is low -> alert people to watch out
  2. Outrange management - hazard is low but outrage is high -> calm down
  3. Crisis communication - hazard and outrage are high -> help upset people cope with risk
  4. Sweet spot- when outrage and hazard are both intermediate
48
Q

What are the two most common mistakes in risk communication ?

A

Withholding information (usually with intent to prevent panic)

Over-assurance of audience -> eg tell client vaccination = no chance of disease –> very mad client if disease occurs

RUSVM Epidemiology (14 decks)

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