Zoonoeses Prevention and Outbreak Investigation

Question 1

T/F: veterinarians reported concerns of contracting zoonotic diseases but hand washing is inconsistent and sharps handling is a big problem

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Zoonotic infections are primarily related to ??? In veterinary medicine

Answer 2

Bite wounds
Exposure to animal feces
Infected skin and droplets

NOT blood

Question 3

What are the objective os the compendium of veterinary standard precautions for zoonotic disease?

Answer 3

Raise awareness to scope of zoonoses 
Address vet profession issues 
Provide practical guidance 
Model infection control plan 
Limit focus to prevention of transmission

Question 4

When should you wash your hands?

Answer 4

Before and after each patient

After contact with bodily fluids

After cleaning cages

Before eating/drinking

Question 5

T/F: Handwashing with plain soap mechanically removes soil and inhibits growth of transient and resident flora?

Answer 5

False

Plain soap- >Only mechanical removal

Antimicrobial soap inhibits bacterial growth

Question 6

T/F: it is okay to used alchohol based hand rubs as a substitute for hand washing

Answer 6

False

For immediate disinfection

Less effective than hand washing against protozoan and non-enveloped viruses
Highly effective against bacteria

Question 7

Fun facts..

Answer 7

WEAR GLOVES when…

Handling fluids
Dentistry/necropsy
Venipuncture 
Cleaning cages
Handling dirty laundry 
Handle specimens 

Patient exams

Question 8

T/F: gloves are not a substitute for hand washing

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Risk of infection due to aerosols increases with ??

Answer 9

Proximity to source and duration of exposure

Question 10

When should facial protection be used?

Answer 10

Procedures likely to generate splash

Dentistry 
Abscesses 
Suction/lavage 
OB 
Necropsy

Question 11

What are the most commonly reported accident/injury reported in vet med?

Answer 11

Cat bite
Dog bite
Needle sticks

Question 12

T/F: when injecting live vaccines or aspirating body fluids, the used syringe with needle should be placed into the sharps container together (I.E. needle and syringe are not separated)

Answer 12

True

In other cases you will separate the needle and syringe

Question 13

How should needles be removed from the syringe?

Answer 13

Needle remover device

Forceps

Question 14

T/F: you should avoid recapping needles

Answer 14

True

In small animal vet med, vets who ALWAYS recapped were more likely to have sustained a needle stick

Question 15

Should you eat in exam rooms or keep food in fridges with samples

Answer 15

Nope

Question 16

What is an outbreak

Answer 16

An excess of cases in a geographic region

Question 17

How are outbreaks detected at at state/regional level?

Answer 17

Surveillance
Diagnosis pathologist with unusual number of cases in lab
Practitioners-> something unusual
Public seeing sick or dead wildlife

Question 18

How is an outbreak detected on a farm/clinic level?

Answer 18

Unusual morbidity, mortality, production, or reproductive losses

Question 19

What is the exposed population

Answer 19

All people that have been exposed to the disease

Question 20

What is a case definition?

Answer 20

List of criteria for person, place, time and clinical features which describes a positive case

Question 21

What is a case-control study?

Answer 21

Compares how many exposed people are in control (not clinical) vs how many exposed (clinical) cases there are

Question 22

What is a cohort study?

Answer 22

Compares how many cases of exposed are ill vs how many cases are ill in non-exposed group

Question 23

What is the attack rate?

Answer 23

AR= case/exposed x100 (per a time period)

Question 24

What is the case fatality rate?

Answer 24

CFR= number of deaths due to disease / number of cases of disease x100

Question 25

If a disease is non-endemic, how is an outbreak defined

Answer 25

One case = outbreak

Question 26

In a endemic disease, how is an outbreak defined?

Answer 26

Difficult

Requires records and continual surveillance -> increased occurrence

Determine baseline level or other causes of disease (lab data)

Question 27

What are the two parts of a good case definition?

Answer 27

Specific characteristics shared by those with disease

Specifics that distinguish diseased (cases) from non diseased

-> cluster in time and space

Question 28

How are cases identified in an outbreak

Answer 28

Test all exposed

Investigate contacts of cases

Question 29

Clinical observation of a outbreak can help refine the case definition. What data can be gathered?

Answer 29

Clinical signs

Lab results

Patterns (attack rate and case fatality rate)

Question 30

A table and graph of time and date of cases generates what?

Answer 30

Epidemic curve

Question 31

Spot maps show?

Answer 31

Spatio-temporal location of cases

Question 32

Is identification of an outbreak agent always possible

Answer 32

No

Question 33

How can the cause of an outbreak be determined?

Answer 33

Hypotheses

• study protocol
• data collection
• search for additional cases
• alternative sources of data?
• analysis

Question 34

What is the objective of a outbreak investigation?

Answer 34

Control present outbreak
Avoid new outbreak

ID risk factors
Change of program/policy/procedures

Question 35

What are the main steps to outbreak investigation?

Answer 35

Confirm -> describe -> determine cause -> control