Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Epidemiology > Reservoirs, Transboundry, Epi Curves > Flashcards

Reservoirs, Transboundry, Epi Curves Flashcards

1
Q

Who is John Snow

A

First published that cholera is transmitted by fecal-oral route and in water supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is Robert Koch?

A

First to isolated bacterium B. Anthracis

Germ therory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is Ronald Ross?

A

Guy who discovered Malaria is transmitted by mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who discovered that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitos

A

Walter Reed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies?

A

Reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are three conditions that qualify something as a reservoir?

A

Is it naturally infected with pathogen
Can it maintain the pathogen over time
Can it transmit the disease to a new susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: infection=disease=infectivity

A

False

Clinically ill animals that are reservoir commenter are probably infectious but so are asymptomatic animals

Not all sick animals are reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a vehicle of transmission?

A

An inanimate object which serves to communicate disease

Common vehicles= food, water, and IV drugs
Fomites=object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three levels of disease control

A

State
Federal
International

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a problem with associated with vaccinating against reportable diseases?

A

Vaccines can show up as false positive results

Usually a positive result –> culling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What percent of emerging diseases are affecting humans are of animal origin?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the OIE classification of notifiable disease?

A

Transmissible disease with potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, that are of serious socio-economic or public health consequence and that are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is infestation?

A

Invasion but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host (fleas/ticks, sometimes parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be contagious?

A

Disease is transmissible form one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant, or contaminated inaanimate reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Waves on an epidemic curve are separated by?

A

Incubation period

17
Q

Epidemic curve that has a single group of new cases, shaped like a bell curve

A

Common source single point exposure

All animals exposed at the same time
Not contagious

18
Q

Epidemic curve with random spikes, no clear pattern

A

Common source with intermittent exposure

All animals exposed at different times from the same source
Incubation period is not clearly shown

19
Q

Epidemic curves with intermittent waves that progressively increase in size

A

Propagated source

Exposure if followed by “waves” of secondary and tertiary cases
Contagious disease

20
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be endemic?

A

All factors influencing disease are relatively stable

New cases occur at low levels, regularly
Young individuals may enter population
Old individuals die or are removed

21
Q

What are determinants of disease?

A 
Host susceptibility  
Social 
Economic 
Physical environment 
Individual characteristics 
Behavior 
Genetics
22
Q

What is a primary disease determinant?

A

major contributing factor to disease

MUST ALWAYS be there for disease to occur

23
Q

What are secondary disease determinants?

A

Factors that make the disease more or less likely

24
Q

What is the difference between and intrinsic and extrinsic disease determinant?

A

Intrinsic - internal to animal (age, breed, sex)

Extrinsic- external to animal (housing, medical treatment, ect)

25
Q

What are disease determinants of the agent?

A

Mutations
-increase infectivity/ability to infect/new toxins/immune system evasion

Resistance
-mutation or lateral transfer

26
Q

What are environmental determinants?

A 
Demographics
Macro climate
Micro climate 
Housing and crowding
Diet 
Stress
27
Q

What are host determinants

A

Genotype
Breed

-> genetic susceptibility

Nutrition
Immunity

->overall health status

28
Q

T/F: Diet and the animals nutritional status are intrinsic determinants of disease

A

False

Diet is extrinsic, management issue

Body condition and animals nutritional status are intrinsic

29
Q

T/F: immunity from a vaccine is an extrinsic factor, but the status of the body being immune is an intrinsic factor

A

True

30
Q

What is an emerging disease ?

A

PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN disease that appears in a population

KNOWN disease suddenly appears in a new population

31
Q

What is a RE-emerging disease?

A

KNOWN disease previously on the decline is becoming more common

32
Q

What are the stages of cross-species disease emergence

A
  1. Pathogen exclusive to animal reservoir
  2. Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals but NO transmission among them(dead end hosts)
  3. Animal reservoir tra mists to human/animals with few transmission cycles among them
  4. Animal reservoir transmits to human/animals with sustained transmission among them
  5. Pathogen exclusive to humans/new animals
33
Q

What makes a disease likely to emerge?

A 
Geographic host spot of emergency 
Host sp traits 
Host abundance 
Viral prevalence in host 
Epidemiological/contact interface

Host breath
Proportion known zoonoses in family
Phylogenic relatedness to those zoonoses

34
Q

What are the 4 main drivers for pathogen emergence??

A

Land use changes (e.g. fraking/mining)

Food and agricultural systems (eg increased production/crowing/uniform genetics)

Environmental systems (eg hurricanes)

Human behavior (eg travel and tourism)

RUSVM Epidemiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions