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Genetics > Zabel exam 1 > Flashcards

Zabel exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The movement of a solute AGAINST a concentration gradient is called ______.

A

active transport

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2
Q

An organelle that is _______ can grow and divide independently.

A

Semi-autonomous

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3
Q

T/F: Phospholipids can flip-flop across the membrane spontaneously; the process does not require the input of energy or enzyme activity.

A

False

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4
Q

As entropy increases, more energy is available to do work.

A

True

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5
Q

________ is movement down a gradient with the aid of a transport protein.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

A reaction with a delta G > 0 is endergonic and requires a net input of energy to proceed.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Molecules more from a high concentration to a low concentration (no ATP required)

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive process (doesn’t require ATP) larger molecule is facilitated through the help of a protein

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

Involves low to high concentration and ATP is required

  • Movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient
  • Energetically unfavorable and requires the input of energy
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11
Q

What are the functions of the carbohydrates?

A
  • cell surface recognition

- protection from cellular damage

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12
Q

What is primary active transport?

A
  • Uses ATP

- Uses a pump and energy to transport solute

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13
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • Uses a pre-existing gradient to drive transport
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14
Q

What do exocytosis and endocytosis do?

A
  • Used to transport large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
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15
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Material inside the cell packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium
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16
Q

What is endocytosis?

A
  • Plasma membrane that folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell
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17
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
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18
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Receptors on the plasma membrane of the target tissue will specifically bind to ligands on the outside of the cell

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19
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Small amounts of LIQUID into the cell

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20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating PARTICLES

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21
Q

What is permeability?

A

The extent a membrane allows a substance to pass through

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22
Q

The process of releasing enzymes into the opening of the intestines and stomach is ____.

A

Exocytosis

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23
Q

What property of phospholipids makes them ideally suited to form membranes?

A

Amphipathic

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24
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the chemical composition of biological membranes?

A

Bilayers of phospholipids with associated proteins and carbohydrates

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25
Q

What affects fluidity?

A
  • Length of fatty acyl tails
  • Presence of double bonds
  • Presence of cholesterol
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26
Q

Cyanide poisoning causes cell death due to a shut down of glycolysis.

A

FALSE

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27
Q

A molecule that has been reduced has gained electrons and a hydrogen atom.

A

True

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28
Q

Polar amino acids tend to be found on the surface of proteins.

A

True

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29
Q

Both covalent and non-covalent interactions are needed to stabilize proteins.

A

True

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30
Q

_____ amino acids tend to be found on the surface of proteins.

A

Polar

31
Q

A molecule that has been _____ has gained electrons and a hydrogen atom.

A

reduced

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT soluble in water?

A

lipids

33
Q

What kinds of bonds stabilize formation of an alpha helix within a polypeptide?

A

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

Triglycerides are _____.

A

Fats

35
Q

the Anfinsen experiment showed that 3D structure of a polypeptide is

A

encoded in the amino acid

36
Q

The type of reaction in which organic polymers are formed from their subunits is called

A

Condensation

37
Q

The compartmentalization of areas within eukaryotic cells:

A

Allows them to perform several biochemical functions simultaneously.

38
Q

Which membrane component is most important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?

A

Transmembrane proteins

39
Q

The concentration of solutes outside a cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Compared to its surroundings, the cell is ___.

A

HYPERtonic

40
Q

The process that involves the selective uptake of a specific cargo molecule into the cell through receptor binding is:

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

41
Q

If a lysosome bursts inside a cell, the immediate result is likely to be:

A

The cell will be digested from within

42
Q

A substance that binds within the active site of pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibiting the ability of an enzyme to bind with pyruvate is acting as a ____.

A

competitive inhibitor

43
Q

Enzymes fall into which category of biological macromolecules?

A

Proteins

44
Q

Which statement is NOT true with regard to plant cells?

A

Plant cells lack mitochondria

Which is FALSE

45
Q

Which of the following substances is required in the citric acid cycle reactions as an electron acceptor?

A

NAD+

46
Q

Electrons are passed to the electron transport system from

A

NADH and FADH2

47
Q

The major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are:

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
48
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Site of protein sorting and secretion

49
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Provides cell shape, organization, and movement

50
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Where most genetic material is organized/expressed

51
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Located outside of the membrane bound organelles, inside the plasma membrane

52
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Site of modification, sorting and secretion of lipids and proteins

53
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Site of hydrogen peroxide breakdown

54
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Site of polypeptide synthesis

55
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

Site of detoxification and lipid synthesis

56
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

57
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP synthesis

58
Q

Head region of a phospholipid is _____.

A

Polar

59
Q

Tail region of a phospholipid is ____.

A

Non-polar

60
Q

A molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

A

Amphipathic

61
Q

How is the H+ electrochemical gradient is created? How is such a gradient used to generate ATP?

A
  • Created by H+ donors such as NADH and FADH2 losing their e-, generating a gradient
  • This gradient triggers and runs the rotary machine responsible for synthesizing ATP from ADP.
62
Q

Where is glycolysis located?

A

Cytosol

63
Q

Where is breakdown of pyruvate located?

A

mitochondrial matrix

64
Q

Where is citric acid cycle located?

A

mitochondrial matrix

65
Q

Where is the electron chain located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

66
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A
  • Same concentration on both sides

- Freely flowing back and forth - no net movement of water

67
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A
  • The concentration of the solute is greater outside the cell than inside
  • Water is going to move outside the cell to dilute all of the outside molecules, causing the cell to shrink in size
68
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A
  • The concentration of solute is less outside the cell

- Water is going to move inside the cell, causing the cell to burst (lysis) – cell death

69
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

70
Q

What is exergonic?

A

SPONTANEOUS RXN

  • ΔG<0 (negative free energy change)
  • Energy is released by reaction
71
Q

What is endergonic?

A

NOT SPONTANEOUS

  • ΔG>0 (positive free energy change)
  • Requires addition of energy to drive reaction
72
Q

What is a competitive inhibition?

A

slows everything down but still hits the inhibitor rate

73
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A
  • Has an allosteric site

Genetics (11 decks)

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