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Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an explanation for a phenomenon that is based on observations and prior knowledge, and that must be tested experimentally in order to accept or reject?

A

hypothesis

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2
Q

Triglycerides are ______.

A

lipids

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3
Q

The oxygen of a water molecule:

A
  • is bonded covalently to two hydrogen atoms
  • contains a partial negative charge
  • is weakly bonded to hydrogens of other water molecules
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4
Q

A hydrogen ion concentration of 10^-7 mol/liter is equivalent to a pH of ___.

A

7.0 pH

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5
Q

Which compound is hydrophobic?

  • CH3CH2OH
  • glucose
  • CH3CH2[CH2]10CH3
  • glycerol
A
  • CH3CH2[CH2]10CH3
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6
Q

The formation of large biomolecules from small monomers is accomplished by what kind of reaction?

A

condensation

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7
Q

The important structural difference between a molecule of starch and a molecule of cellulose is that _____.

A

in cellulose, the glucose units are bonded by beta linkages

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8
Q

Phospholipids are molecules that contain:

A

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

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9
Q

An -OH group is a ____ group.

A

hydroxyl group

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10
Q

Enzymes are examples of _____ proteins.

A

globular

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11
Q

What is the basic unit of proteins?

A

amino acids

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12
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA?

A

nucleotides

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13
Q

What is the basic unit of RNA?

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

What is the basic unit of cellulose?

A

glycerol

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15
Q

What is the basic unit of glycogen?

A

glucose

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16
Q

What is the basic unit of starch?

A

glucose

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17
Q

What are the two basic building blocks of structural lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

What is the monomeric subunit unit of proteins?

A

amino acids

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19
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • mostly hydrogen and carbon
  • NONPOLAR, or amphipathic (insoluble in water)
  • Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
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20
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • Long term energy storage
  • Structural purposes within the cell
  • Cell-signaling purposes
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Prevention of water loss
21
Q

What’s so great about carbon?

A
  • Stability
  • Solubility
  • Variability
22
Q

What are monomers?

A
  • Subunits or building blocks
23
Q

What are polymers?

A

Monomers joined to form long chains

24
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

Condensation reactions form polymers

  • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (protein synthesis)
  • covalent bond formation between monomers
  • Water is released in the formation of covalent bonds
25
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A

Breakage of covalent bonds (polymers) between monomers

  • Water is coming in to break apart covalent bonds
  • one monomer is broken down at a time
26
Q

What are the 5 biomolecules?

A
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
27
Q

T/F: A glycosidic bond is a non-covalent linkage

A

False: It always forms a covalent bond between monomers

28
Q

What is starch?

A

Energy storage molecules that are found in plants

29
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Energy storage molecules that are found in animals

30
Q

What is cellulose’s main function?

A

STRUCTURE

31
Q

What are fats?

A
  • Also known as triglycerides
  • Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids
  • Joined by dehydration’ broken apart by hydrolysis
32
Q

What is the difference between an unsaturated fat and a saturated fat?

A
  • Unsaturated fats are moving constantly, more likely to be in liquid form (kink in chain, more healthier)
  • Saturated fats are tightly packed, most likely going to be a solid at room temperature
33
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipid bilayer

  • Glycerol
  • two fatty acids
  • phosphate group
34
Q

What are the polar heads on the lipid bilayer?

A
  • hydrophilic (water-loving)
35
Q

What are steroids?

A
  • Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
  • Usually insoluble in water (cholesterol)
  • Used in cell signaling
36
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups

37
Q

Function of pili?

A
  • allows exchange of genetic material (DNA) between bacteria

- allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and to each other

38
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A
  • allows certain bacteria to swim

- motility

39
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down of molecules

- coordinated in the cytosol

40
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • building/synthesizing biomolecules
41
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A
  • provides shape, organization, and movement
42
Q

What do microtubules do?

A
  • provide shape and organization
  • heavily involved in cell division
  • help with motility
43
Q

What do the intermediate filaments do?

A
  • important for cell shape

- provide mechanical strength

44
Q

What do the actin filaments do?

A
  • involved in muscle contration

- cell shape, cell movement

45
Q

What are cilia?

A
  • often much shorter than the flagella

- tend to cover all or part of the cell surface (fuzzy)

46
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Ribosome assembly

47
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A
  • detoxification
  • lipid synthesis
  • plasma membrane components
48
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A
  • packaging and shipping center
  • FedEx of the cell
  • Proteins mature here

Genetics (11 decks)

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