Chapter 3 Flashcards
Reaction that forms polymers (or forms covalent bonds between monomers); H2O is released
condensation/dehydration
Reaction that breaks apart polymers (or breaks covalent bonds between monomers); H2O is obtained
hydrolysis
What are monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What affects light refractions and organisms that can obtain it?
Enantiomers
What is the class of organic compounds that are nonpolar (hydrophilic) or amphipathic and insoluble in water
lipids (mostly hydrogen and carbon)
What are some examples of lipids?
Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
These are triglycerides; formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids
Fats
What do fats do?
Store energy and provide structure through cushioning and insulation
What type of fat is solid at RT and has no double bonds?
Saturated fats
What type of fat is a gel/liquid at RT and contains double bonds?
unsaturated fats
This contains glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group
phospholipid
Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms; usually insoluble in water (EX: cholesterol)
steroids
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; formed from one or several polypeptides
proteins
Amino acids are joined by what reaction?
dehydration
Carboxy and amino groups form what kind of bond?
peptide bond
Polymers of amino acids are known as what?
polypeptides
This has a linear structure/sequence of amino acids; encoded directly by genes
Primary structure
What is the primary structure stabilized by?
covalent bonds
This is a protein folding caused by chemical and physical interactions; a helices and B pleated sheets
secondary structure
What is a specific and important to function?
Shape
What is the secondary structure stabilized by?
hydrogen bonding
This is a complex 3D shape; final level for single polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure
What is the tertiary structure stabilized by?
- Hydrogen bonding
- van der Waals
- electrostatic
- hydrophobic (btween non polar)
- disulfide (covalent)
What is made up of two or more polypeptides (multimeric) to form functional proteins?
Quaternary structure
What are individual polypeptide chains?
Protein subunits
What is the quaternary structure stabilized by?
- Hydrogen bonding
- van der Waals
- Electrostatic
- Hydrophobic (btwn non polar)
- Disulfide (covalent)
What factors are used for protein interactions/binding?
- Hydrogen bonding
- van der Waals
- electrostatic
- hydrophobic (btwen non polar)
Who showed the primary structure of ribonuclease determines its 3D structure?
Anfinsen
Responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
nucleic acids
