Z-TPR-Biological Fdn of Behavior Flashcards
Basic functional and structural unit of the ns Have only 1 axon but many dendrites
Neuron
Electrochemical signals of the ns
Action potential
Central cell body of neuron
Soma
Neurons with one dendrite
Bipolar
Neurons with many dendrites
Multipolar
Receive signals in a neuron
Dendrites
Carry action potentials away from the cell body
Axons
Part of neuron that forms connections with target cells
Synaptic knob
Very small gap where chemical messengers are released
Synaptic cleft
Difference between neuron and nerve
Neuron is a single cellNerve is a large bundle of many different axons from many neurons
What is the resting potential?
Electric potential across pm at -70 Millivolts (mV)
What is the overall charge of the interior with respect to exterior of the cell
Negative
What are the 2 primary membrane proteins required to establish resting membrane potential?
na+/k+ ATPase And potassium leak channels
Action potential signal transformed into chemical signal with the release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
Synaptic transmission
Sodium potassium ATPase pumps how many sodiums out and how many potassiums inHow many atp does it hydrolize each time?What form of transport?
3 sodium ions out2 potassiums in1 atp hydrolysisActive
Channels that are open all the time and allow ions to flow across membranes according to gradient
Leak channels
Are neurons only cells w resting membrane potential?
No..all cells have resting membrane potential. Neurons and muscle cells are the only ones who use it to generate action potentials
What makes the cell interiorly negative?
Flow of potassium outside of the cell thru leak channels and 2. Sodium potassium ATPase
A disturbance in the membrane potential where a wave of depolarization of the pm travels along an axon
Action potential
Change in membrane potential from resting membrane -70 mV to a more positive potential
Depolarization
Returns membrane potential to normal after depolarization
Repolarization
Key proteins in propagation of action potentials
Voltage gated sodium channels
What is the threshold potential
-50 mV
When threshold potential is reached what happens to channels
Open fully and sodium flows in cell Depolarizes to about +35 and makes it more positive
Voltage gated channels require what to open
Reach a threshold potential of -50 mV
Factors that produce repolarization
1: voltage gated sodium channels inactivate very quickly after opening. Remain inactivated until resting membrane potential reached2: Voltage gated potassi channels open slowly and potassium goes OUT towards gradient and makes it more negative insideIt overshoots to about -90 mV then closes3. Potassium leak channels and sodium/potassium ATPase continue to function to bring back to -70 (would repolarize membrane alone but takes too long)
More potassium leak channels or potassium leak channels
Mostly potassium leak channels 100:1 ratioMembrane virtually impermeable to sodium
Myelenate neurons in the pns
Schwann cells
Myelinate neurons in the cns
Oligodendrocytes
Would neuron be able to conduct action potential of completely wrapped in myelin?
No. Ions can’t enter or exit where Adonai membrane covered with myelin
Rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons
Salt story conduction
Periodic gaps in myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Guide neuronal development in cnsRegulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter level in cns
Astrocytes
Remove dead cells and debris in cns
Microglia
Produce and circulate csf in cns
Ependynal cells
During action potentials movement of sodium and potassi across membrane thru voltage gated Channels are Passive or active
Passive
Membrane potential all where gradient driving force doesn’t exist (ie no net movement of ions across membrane)
Equilibrium potential
2 phases of the refractory period
Absolute refractory periodRelative refractory period
A neuron can’t fire another action potential no matter how strong depolarization is induced Voltage gate sodium channels inactivatedCan’t open again until membrane potential reaches resting potential
Absolute refractory period
Part of refractory period where neuron can be induced to transmit action potential but depolarization required greater than normal cuz it’s hyperpolarized
Relative refractory period
2 types of synapse
Electrical and chemical
Occur when cytoplasm of 2 cells joined by gap junctionsAP spreads directly from one cell to anotherNot common but important in smooth and cardiac muscle
Electrical synapse
Found at axon ends where they meet target cellAP converted into chemical signal
Chemical synapse
Neuro transmitters bind to what
Ligand gated ion channels
Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter is what if it opens a channel that depolarizes post synaptic membrane
Excitatory
A neurotransmitter is what if it makes the post synaptic membrane more negative or hyperpolarized
Inhibitory
Each pre synaptic neuron can release how many types of neurotransmittersPost synaptic neurons may respond to one or many different neurotransmitters
1Many
Addition of stimuli of both excitatory and inhibitory on decision on whether to fire action potential or not
Summation
Excitatory Neuro transmitters cause post synaptic depolarization or
Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP)
Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
A form of summation where presynaptic neuron fires ap so fast that esps and isps pile on each otherIf enough esps=apIf isps=hyperpolarized
Temporal summation
Form of summation where both epsp and ipsp from all synapses on post synaptic membrane summed at any given moment
Spatial summation
How can pre synaptic neuron increase intensity of signal?
Increase ap frequencyAdds up thru temporal summation and increases response
True or false: Magnitude of depolarization doesn’t change
True
True or false: a neuron can only release one type of Neuro transmitter and can’t change this
True
T or f:Speed of propagation doesn’t change when considering multiple action potentials
True
Receiving information is what part of the nervous system
Carried out by what?
Sensory
PNS
Processing information in the nervous system is the what function
Carried out by what?
Integrative
CNS
Acting out part of the nervous system is the
Carried out by what part?
Motor
PNS
Carry info from nervous system to organs
Motor neurons
Act upon information from motor neurons
Effectors
What are the 2 types of effectors?
Muscles and Glands
Motor neurons that activate effectors are called what neurons
Efferent
Sensory neurons that carry info toward CNS are called what neurons
Afferent
Afferent neurons are what type of neurons
Sensory Neurons
Simplest example of nervous system activity is the
reflex
Sensory neuron transmits AP to a synapse with a motor neuron in the spinal cords which causes action to occur
Reflex
Sensory neuron transmits information to what in the spinal cord?
Motor neuron cell body
A reflex involving 2 neurons and 1 synapse
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
A short neuron that forms an inhibitory synapse with a motor neuron innervating the hamstring muscle for example (so it relaxes while the quads contracts)
Inhibitory Interneuron
In a reflex, concurrent relaxation of the hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps is an example of
Reciprocal Inhibition
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into what parts
Somatic and Autonomic
Portion of PNS involved with conscious sensation and deliberate voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
Somatic
Portion of PNS concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, and other involuntary processes
Autonomic
Efferent portions of autonomic division of PNS are called
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic effects on glands and motility
Stimulation
Parasympathetic effects on sphincters
Relaxation
Parasympathetic effects on bladder
Contraction
Parasympathetic effects of bronchial smooth muscle
Constriction (closes airways)
Parasympathetic effects on HR and Contractility
Decreased
Parasympathetic effects on pupil and lens
Dilation
Good Clear vision
Parasympathetic effects on genitals
Erection/Lubrication
Sympathetic Effects on glands and motility in digestive system
Inhibition
Sympathetic Effects on bladder
Relaxation
Sympathetic Effects on HR and contractility
Increased
Sympathetic Effects on skin
Sweating and vasoconstriction
Blushing
Sympathetic Effects on Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine release
Sympathetic Effects on genitals
Ejaculation/Orgasm
The 2 main anatomical division of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
2 main components of CNS
Brain and Spinal Chord
PNS parts
Axons Dentrites and Cell bodies
Most neuronal cell bodies (Nuclei) or found where
CNS
Bundles of soma or cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
Somas located in the PNS
Ganglia
The 3 subdivision of the brain
- Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
- Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
- Forebrain
(Prosencephalon)
The entire CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) floats in what
CSF
Simple spinal reflexes are governed by what part of CNS
Spinal Cord
Primitive processes like walking, urination, and sex organ function is govern by what part of CNS
Spinal Cord
3 Parts of the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
Located below the pons
Medulla
Part of the hindbrain that regulates vital autonomic functions such as BP and digestion and vomiting
Medulla
Part of the hindbrain that contain respiratory rhythmicity centers
Medulla
Part of Hindbrain located below Midbrain
Pons
Located above the medulla
Pons
Connection between brain stem and cerebellum
Pons
Plays role in balance and antigravity posture
Controls some autonomic functions/Coordinates movements
Pons
Part of Hindbrain located behind pons
Cerebellum
Poor hand eye coordination and balance could be because of damage to what part of the brain
Cerebellum
2 Parts of the hindbrain that receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear
Pons and cerebellum
Pons and cerebellum receive info from what part of the inner ear
Vestibular apparatus
What part of inner ear monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity
Vestibular apparatus
Relay for visual and auditory information
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) (responsible for arousal and wakefulness)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Part of the midbrain responsible for arousal and wakefulness
RAS (Reticular Activating System)
Medulla pons and midbrain consitute
Brainstem
The brainstem is made of what 3 parts
Medulla Pons and midbrain
Two Parts of the forebrain
Diencephalon and Telencephalon
Diencephalon and Telencephalon make up what part of the brain
Forebrain
Two parts of the diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information
Part of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions
Part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Part of the diencephalon that has a major role in hormone production and release
Hypothalamus
Part of the diencephalon that is the primary link between nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
Controls pituitary gland is is fundamental control center for the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Dominant side of brain in most people
Left side
Left side of brain mainly responsible for
Speech
Right side of brain mostly concerned with
Visual spatial reasoning and music
Thick bundle of axons that connect cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Largest region of the human brain
Cerebrum
2 Parts of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex (outter gray matter) and inner core of white matter that connects cortex to diencephalon
Telencephalon has how many cerebral hemispheres
2
Outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter
cerebral cortex
White matter is compounds of what type of axons
Myelinated
Part of the telencephalon responsible for conscious thought and intellectual functions
Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex divided into how many pairs of lobes
4
Part of cerebral cortex That initiates all voluntary movement
Frontal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex that is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving
Frontal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex involved in general sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, taste)
Parietal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex that processes auditory and olfactory sensation
Temporal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex involved in short-term memory and language comprehension
Temporal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex involved in emotion
Temporal Lobe
Part of cerebral cortex the processes visual sensation
Occipital Lobe
Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs language comprehension
Wernickes area
Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs speech production
Broca’s Area
Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia composed of what type of matter
Gray
2 parts of the brain that work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex
- Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia)-Inhibitory
2. Cerebellum-Excitatory
Basal Nuclei Excitatory or inhibitory
Inhibitory
Cerebellum Inhibitory or excitatory
Excitatory
Located between cerebrum and diencephalon
Limbic System
Limbic System is located where
Located between cerebrum and diencephalon
Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus make up what
Limbic System
Limbic System made of of what 3 parts
Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus
Part of brain important for emotion and memory
Limbic system
Controls reflex reactions like coughing or sneezing
Medulla
Relays information to cerebellum and thalamus
Pons and Medulla
Integrates visual and auditory info
Midbrain
Visual and auditory reflexes located where in the brain
Midbrain
Relay center for somatic (consious) sensation
Thalamus
Relays info between spinal cord and cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Part of brain that controls homeostatic functions
Hypothalamus
Part of brain that regulates temperature, fluid blanace and appetite
Hypothalamus
Part of brain that controls homeostatic function thru both neural and hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
Controls general patter of rhythm movement
Basal Nuclei
Regulates body movement and muscle tone
Basal Nuclei
Subconscious adjustments of conscious movements
Basal Nuclei
Part of brain controlling emotional states
Limbic System
Helps with memory storage and retrieval
Limbic System
All neurons entering and exiting CNS carried by how many cranial nerves
12
How many spinal nerves?
31
Convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem
Cranial Nerves
Conveys sensory and motor info to and from spinal cord
Spinal nerves (31)
Vagus nerve on heart
Decreases HR
Vagus nerve on GI tract
Increases GI activity
Vagus nerve is part of what part of the autonomic nervous system of PNS
Parasympathetic
All somatic motor neurons innervate what type of cells
Skeletal Muscle
All somatic motor neurons use what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in one of what two parts
- Brain Stem
or - Ventral (Front) of Spinal Cord
All somatic sensory neurons have long dendrite extending from ____ to ____
Sensory receptor, Soma
All somatic Sensory neurons are located just outside CNS in
Dorsal root Ganglion
A bunch of somatic and autonomic sensory neuron cell bodies located in spinal cord dorm (back)
Dorsal root ganglion
T/F: Dorsal root ganglia are within vertebral column but outside meninges
True
Efferents of Autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 types of neurons
Preganglionic and Postganglionic
neuron that has its cell body in the brainstem or spinal cords
Preganglionic Neuron
Preganglionic neuron sends axon to
Autonomic Ganglion
outside of spinal column
Autonomic Glangions synapse with
Postganglionic neuron
Postganglionic Neurons sends axons to
effector
smooth muscle or gland
All autonomic preganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter that these 2 neurons can only release
- Autonomic PRE-ganglionic neurons
2. Parasympathetic POST-ganglionic
Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons release strictly
Norepinephrine
Parasympathic postganglionic neurons release_____ while Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release _______
Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine
Autonomic Ganglia are located
Outside the spinal Cord
All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in
thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord
All parasympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in
Brainstem or sacral portion of spinal cord
The cortex of the adrenal glands secrete
glucocoriticoids (cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and some sex hormones
Mineralcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Glucocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex
Cortisol
The adrenal medulla is part of what part of ANS
Sympathetic
Adrenal medulla secretes
Epinephrine or Adrenaline
Sensation is the act of
Receiving information
Perception is the act of
organizing, assimilating, and interpreting the sensory input into useful and meaningful info
Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world are called
Exteroceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to internal stimuli are called
Interoceptors
What are the 5 types of sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Electromagnetic receptors
Mechanoreceptors respond to
mechanical disturbances
Pacinian Corpuscles are
A mechanoreceptor
Pressure sensor located deep in skin
Auditory Hair cell
A mechanoreceptor found in cochlea of inner ear that detects vibrations caused by waves
Vestibular Hair Cell
Mechanoreceptor located in the semicircular canals in inner ear to detect acceleration and position relative to gravity
Chemoreceptors are
Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals
Olfactory and Gustatory receptors and receptors that respond to pH PCO2 and PO2 levels are
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors are
Pain receptors
Thermoreceptors are
Sensory receptors that are stimulated by changes in temperature
cold sensitive, warm sensitive and thermal nociceptors
Electromagnetic receptors are stimulated by
Electromagnetic waves
The only examples of electromagnetic receptors in humans are
Rods/Cones in retina of eye (photoreceptors)
4 Properties that need to be communicated to CNS regarding sensory stimuli
Stimulus Modality (type of receptor firing)
Stimulus Intensity (frequency of AP)
Stimulus Location
Stimulus Duration
Tonic Receptors fire action potentials
As long as stimulus continues
Phasic Receptors fire action potentials
Only when stimulus begins and do not communicate stimulus duration
Decrease in firing frequent when the stimulus intensity remains constant
Adaptation
The nervous system is trained to respond to changing stimuli or constant stimuli
Changing Stimuli because of adaptation.
What is the only receptors that don’t EVER undergo adaptation
Nociceptors
Proprioceptions referes to
Awareness of Self
Proprioception is known as your
Kinesthetic sense, or awareness of body position
“What portion of the CNS would you expect to require input from proprioceptors?”
The cerebellum (responsible for motor coordination)
Monitors tension in the tendons
Golgi tendon organs
Detect pressure tension and movement in the joints
Joint Capsule receptors
Taste and smell rely on what type of receptors
chemoreceptors
5 Flavors distinguishable by taste receptors
Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami (AA and nucleotides)
Taste buds are composed of specialized
Epithelial cells
Snapped like onions
Center is a taste pore with a taste hair
Info about taste is transmitted by cranial nerves to
Temporal lobe
Olfaction is accomplished by olfactory receptors in the roof of where
Nasopharynx (nasal Cavity)
Olfactory nerves project to
Olfactory bulbs in the temporal lobe
close to limbic system
(May be reason why smell tied to memory and emotion)
Chemical signals that cause a social response in members of the same species
Pheromones
2 Parts of the outer ear
- Auricle/Pinna
2. External Auditory Canal
What divides the outer ear and the inner ear
Tympanic membrane
The middle ear consists of the
Ossicles
What are the 3 small bones in the middle ear
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
Membrane that divides middle and inner ear
Oval Window
Stapes attaches to
Oval window
What are the 4 structures of the inner ear
Cochlea
Semicircular Canals
Utricle
Saccule
Parts of the inner ear essential for balance
Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule
The Eustachian tube (auditory tube) is a passage way from ________ to _______
Back of throat to middle ear
What bone attaches to the oval window
Stapes
What bone is attached to the eardrum
Malleus
Vibration of the oval window by stapes bone creates pressure waves in
The perilymph and endolymph
cochlea fluids
Sound wave vibration mediums in order
Air, Bone, Liquid
Pressure waves in the endolymph (part of the cochlea fluids) cause vibration of
The basilar membrane
Thin membrane extending throughout the coiled length of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
Basilar membrane is covered with auditory receptors cells known as
Hair cells
Hair cells (auditory receptors) in basement membrane have cilia and in direct contact with
Tectorial membrane
when basilar membrane moves, Hair dragged and bend. The displacement opens what
Ion channels in the hair cells open and neurotransmitter release
Organ of Cori in the cochlea is composed of
Basilar Membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane
Describe the sound wave traveling through the ear to perception by the brain
auricle → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → perilymph → endolymph → basilar membrane → auditory hair cells → tectorial membrane → neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons → brain → perception
Pitch of sound in the ear is distinguished by
Which REGIONS of the basilar membranes vibrate
Which stimulate different auditory neurons
Low frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct
Apex (where basilar membrane is thin and floppy)
High frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct
Base (Where basilar membrane is thick and sturdy)
Loudness of sound in the ear is distinguished by
Vibration AMPLITUDE
Larger vibrations=More frequent action potentials
Sound stimuli are processed in the
Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
If a sensory neuron leading from the ear to the brain fires an action potential more rapidly, how will the brain perceive this change
More rapid firing of a cochlear neuron indicates an increase in VOLUME of sound. If the pitch changed, a different set of neurons would fire action potentials.
In some cases of deafness, sound can still be detected by conduction of vibration through the skull to the cochlea. If the auditory nerve is severed, can sound still be detected by conductance through bone?
Conductance through bone allows some hearing by causing the cochlea to vibrate, which stimulates action potentials that pass through the auditory nerve to the brain. However, if the auditory nerve is severed, no hearing of any kind is possible.
“ If the bones of the middle ear are unable to move, would this impair the detection of sound by conductance through bone?”
The bones of the middle ear serve to conduct vibration from the outer ear to the liquid within the cochlea but are not involved directly in detecting sound. Bone conductance can still stimulate the cochlea and result in hearing if the middle ear is nonfunctional.
The vestibular complex is made up of what 4 components
- Three Semicircular Canals
- Utricle
- Saccule
- Ampullae
- All are tubes filled with endolymph
- Contain Hair Cells
- Function is to detect rotational acceleration of the head
The function of the vestibular complex is
To detect rotational acceleration of the head
Light is bent or refracted as it passes through the
Cornea
Refractive index of cornea is higher than that of
Air
Beneath the sclera of the eye is the
choroid
Function of the choroid in the eyes is to
absorb excess light within the eye
-Contains darkly pigmented cells
Just inside the cornea is the
Anterior chamber filled with aqueous humor
Anterior chamber behind the cornea and posterior chamber behind the iris contains
Aqueous Humor
Role of the lens of the eye
Fine tune angle of incoming light
Curvature of the lens and thus its refractive power is varied by
The ciliary muscle
The vitreous chamber contains what
Vitreous humor
The retina contains
Electromagnetic receptor cells (photoreceptors) knowns as rods and cones
Rods and cones synapse with
Bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells (The axons are the optic nerve)
Optic nerve travels to
Occipital lobe in the brain
Point on the retina where many axons from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve is the
optic disk
The optic disc is also know as the
blind spot (contains no photoreceptors)
The macula contains what in the center
Fovea Centralis
The fovea centralism contains only
Rods
-Responsible for extreme visual acuity
Rods and cones contains special pigment proteins called
Opsin
-change tertiary structure upon absorbing light
Opsin protein in the rods and cones is bound to and contains one molecule of
retinal (derived from vitamin A)
Upon absorbing light photon, retinol is converted to
All-Trans form (Closes sodium channels and cell hyper-polarizes)
-In dark rods and cones have trans and one cis bond witch keep sodium channels open and depolarized
In the dark, both cones and rods photoreceptors release the neurotransmitter ________ onto the bipolar cells, inhibiting firing
Glutamate
Night vision is accomplished by which photoreceptor
Concentrated Where?
Rods, Periphery of retina
Which photoreceptor is responsible for color vision and high acuity vision
Concentrated where?
Cones, Fovea
3 C’s
Cones-Color-aCuity
