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Kaplan Psychology/Sociology > Z-TPR-Biological Fdn of Behavior > Flashcards

Z-TPR-Biological Fdn of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic functional and structural unit of the ns Have only 1 axon but many dendrites

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Electrochemical signals of the ns

A

Action potential

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3
Q

Central cell body of neuron

A

Soma

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4
Q

Neurons with one dendrite

A

Bipolar

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5
Q

Neurons with many dendrites

A

Multipolar

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6
Q

Receive signals in a neuron

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Carry action potentials away from the cell body

A

Axons

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8
Q

Part of neuron that forms connections with target cells

A

Synaptic knob

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9
Q

Very small gap where chemical messengers are released

A

Synaptic cleft

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10
Q

Difference between neuron and nerve

A

Neuron is a single cellNerve is a large bundle of many different axons from many neurons

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11
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

Electric potential across pm at -70 Millivolts (mV)

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12
Q

What is the overall charge of the interior with respect to exterior of the cell

A

Negative

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13
Q

What are the 2 primary membrane proteins required to establish resting membrane potential?

A

na+/k+ ATPase And potassium leak channels

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14
Q

Action potential signal transformed into chemical signal with the release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

A

Synaptic transmission

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15
Q

Sodium potassium ATPase pumps how many sodiums out and how many potassiums inHow many atp does it hydrolize each time?What form of transport?

A

3 sodium ions out2 potassiums in1 atp hydrolysisActive

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16
Q

Channels that are open all the time and allow ions to flow across membranes according to gradient

A

Leak channels

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17
Q

Are neurons only cells w resting membrane potential?

A

No..all cells have resting membrane potential. Neurons and muscle cells are the only ones who use it to generate action potentials

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18
Q

What makes the cell interiorly negative?

A

Flow of potassium outside of the cell thru leak channels and 2. Sodium potassium ATPase

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19
Q

A disturbance in the membrane potential where a wave of depolarization of the pm travels along an axon

A

Action potential

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20
Q

Change in membrane potential from resting membrane -70 mV to a more positive potential

A

Depolarization

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21
Q

Returns membrane potential to normal after depolarization

A

Repolarization

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22
Q

Key proteins in propagation of action potentials

A

Voltage gated sodium channels

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23
Q

What is the threshold potential

A

-50 mV

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24
Q

When threshold potential is reached what happens to channels

A

Open fully and sodium flows in cell Depolarizes to about +35 and makes it more positive

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25
Q

Voltage gated channels require what to open

A

Reach a threshold potential of -50 mV

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26
Q

Factors that produce repolarization

A

1: voltage gated sodium channels inactivate very quickly after opening. Remain inactivated until resting membrane potential reached2: Voltage gated potassi channels open slowly and potassium goes OUT towards gradient and makes it more negative insideIt overshoots to about -90 mV then closes3. Potassium leak channels and sodium/potassium ATPase continue to function to bring back to -70 (would repolarize membrane alone but takes too long)

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27
Q

More potassium leak channels or potassium leak channels

A

Mostly potassium leak channels 100:1 ratioMembrane virtually impermeable to sodium

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28
Q

Myelenate neurons in the pns

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

Myelinate neurons in the cns

A

Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

Would neuron be able to conduct action potential of completely wrapped in myelin?

A

No. Ions can’t enter or exit where Adonai membrane covered with myelin

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31
Q

Rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

A

Salt story conduction

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32
Q

Periodic gaps in myelin sheath

A

Nodes of ranvier

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33
Q

Guide neuronal development in cnsRegulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter level in cns

A

Astrocytes

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34
Q

Remove dead cells and debris in cns

A

Microglia

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35
Q

Produce and circulate csf in cns

A

Ependynal cells

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36
Q

During action potentials movement of sodium and potassi across membrane thru voltage gated Channels are Passive or active

A

Passive

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37
Q

Membrane potential all where gradient driving force doesn’t exist (ie no net movement of ions across membrane)

A

Equilibrium potential

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38
Q

2 phases of the refractory period

A

Absolute refractory periodRelative refractory period

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39
Q

A neuron can’t fire another action potential no matter how strong depolarization is induced Voltage gate sodium channels inactivatedCan’t open again until membrane potential reaches resting potential

A

Absolute refractory period

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40
Q

Part of refractory period where neuron can be induced to transmit action potential but depolarization required greater than normal cuz it’s hyperpolarized

A

Relative refractory period

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41
Q

2 types of synapse

A

Electrical and chemical

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42
Q

Occur when cytoplasm of 2 cells joined by gap junctionsAP spreads directly from one cell to anotherNot common but important in smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Electrical synapse

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43
Q

Found at axon ends where they meet target cellAP converted into chemical signal

A

Chemical synapse

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44
Q

Neuro transmitters bind to what

A

Ligand gated ion channels

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45
Q

Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

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46
Q

A neurotransmitter is what if it opens a channel that depolarizes post synaptic membrane

A

Excitatory

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47
Q

A neurotransmitter is what if it makes the post synaptic membrane more negative or hyperpolarized

A

Inhibitory

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48
Q

Each pre synaptic neuron can release how many types of neurotransmittersPost synaptic neurons may respond to one or many different neurotransmitters

A

1Many

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49
Q

Addition of stimuli of both excitatory and inhibitory on decision on whether to fire action potential or not

A

Summation

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50
Q

Excitatory Neuro transmitters cause post synaptic depolarization or

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP)

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51
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

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52
Q

A form of summation where presynaptic neuron fires ap so fast that esps and isps pile on each otherIf enough esps=apIf isps=hyperpolarized

A

Temporal summation

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53
Q

Form of summation where both epsp and ipsp from all synapses on post synaptic membrane summed at any given moment

A

Spatial summation

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54
Q

How can pre synaptic neuron increase intensity of signal?

A

Increase ap frequencyAdds up thru temporal summation and increases response

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55
Q

True or false: Magnitude of depolarization doesn’t change

A

True

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56
Q

True or false: a neuron can only release one type of Neuro transmitter and can’t change this

A

True

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57
Q

T or f:Speed of propagation doesn’t change when considering multiple action potentials

A

True

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58
Q

Receiving information is what part of the nervous system

Carried out by what?

A

Sensory

PNS

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59
Q

Processing information in the nervous system is the what function

Carried out by what?

A

Integrative

CNS

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60
Q

Acting out part of the nervous system is the

Carried out by what part?

A

Motor

PNS

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61
Q

Carry info from nervous system to organs

A

Motor neurons

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62
Q

Act upon information from motor neurons

A

Effectors

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63
Q

What are the 2 types of effectors?

A

Muscles and Glands

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64
Q

Motor neurons that activate effectors are called what neurons

A

Efferent

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65
Q

Sensory neurons that carry info toward CNS are called what neurons

A

Afferent

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66
Q

Afferent neurons are what type of neurons

A

Sensory Neurons

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67
Q

Simplest example of nervous system activity is the

A

reflex

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68
Q

Sensory neuron transmits AP to a synapse with a motor neuron in the spinal cords which causes action to occur

A

Reflex

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69
Q

Sensory neuron transmits information to what in the spinal cord?

A

Motor neuron cell body

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70
Q

A reflex involving 2 neurons and 1 synapse

A

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

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71
Q

A short neuron that forms an inhibitory synapse with a motor neuron innervating the hamstring muscle for example (so it relaxes while the quads contracts)

A

Inhibitory Interneuron

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72
Q

In a reflex, concurrent relaxation of the hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps is an example of

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

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73
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into what parts

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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74
Q

Portion of PNS involved with conscious sensation and deliberate voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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75
Q

Portion of PNS concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, and other involuntary processes

A

Autonomic

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76
Q

Efferent portions of autonomic division of PNS are called

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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77
Q

Parasympathetic effects on glands and motility

A

Stimulation

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78
Q

Parasympathetic effects on sphincters

A

Relaxation

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79
Q

Parasympathetic effects on bladder

A

Contraction

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80
Q

Parasympathetic effects of bronchial smooth muscle

A

Constriction (closes airways)

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81
Q

Parasympathetic effects on HR and Contractility

A

Decreased

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82
Q

Parasympathetic effects on pupil and lens

A

Dilation

Good Clear vision

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83
Q

Parasympathetic effects on genitals

A

Erection/Lubrication

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84
Q

Sympathetic Effects on glands and motility in digestive system

A

Inhibition

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85
Q

Sympathetic Effects on bladder

A

Relaxation

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86
Q

Sympathetic Effects on HR and contractility

A

Increased

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87
Q

Sympathetic Effects on skin

A

Sweating and vasoconstriction

Blushing

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88
Q

Sympathetic Effects on Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine release

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89
Q

Sympathetic Effects on genitals

A

Ejaculation/Orgasm

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90
Q

The 2 main anatomical division of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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91
Q

2 main components of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Chord

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92
Q

PNS parts

A

Axons Dentrites and Cell bodies

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93
Q

Most neuronal cell bodies (Nuclei) or found where

A

CNS

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94
Q

Bundles of soma or cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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95
Q

Somas located in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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96
Q

The 3 subdivision of the brain

A
  1. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. Forebrain
    (Prosencephalon)
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97
Q

The entire CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) floats in what

A

CSF

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98
Q

Simple spinal reflexes are governed by what part of CNS

A

Spinal Cord

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99
Q

Primitive processes like walking, urination, and sex organ function is govern by what part of CNS

A

Spinal Cord

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100
Q

3 Parts of the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

A

Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

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101
Q

Located below the pons

A

Medulla

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102
Q

Part of the hindbrain that regulates vital autonomic functions such as BP and digestion and vomiting

A

Medulla

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103
Q

Part of the hindbrain that contain respiratory rhythmicity centers

A

Medulla

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104
Q

Part of Hindbrain located below Midbrain

A

Pons

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105
Q

Located above the medulla

A

Pons

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106
Q

Connection between brain stem and cerebellum

A

Pons

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107
Q

Plays role in balance and antigravity posture

Controls some autonomic functions/Coordinates movements

A

Pons

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108
Q

Part of Hindbrain located behind pons

A

Cerebellum

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109
Q

Poor hand eye coordination and balance could be because of damage to what part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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110
Q

2 Parts of the hindbrain that receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear

A

Pons and cerebellum

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111
Q

Pons and cerebellum receive info from what part of the inner ear

A

Vestibular apparatus

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112
Q

What part of inner ear monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity

A

Vestibular apparatus

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113
Q

Relay for visual and auditory information

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

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114
Q

Contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) (responsible for arousal and wakefulness)

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

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115
Q

Part of the midbrain responsible for arousal and wakefulness

A

RAS (Reticular Activating System)

116
Q

Medulla pons and midbrain consitute

A

Brainstem

117
Q

The brainstem is made of what 3 parts

A

Medulla Pons and midbrain

118
Q

Two Parts of the forebrain

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

119
Q

Diencephalon and Telencephalon make up what part of the brain

A

Forebrain

120
Q

Two parts of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

121
Q

Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information

Part of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

122
Q

Contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions

Part of the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

123
Q

Part of the diencephalon that has a major role in hormone production and release

A

Hypothalamus

124
Q

Part of the diencephalon that is the primary link between nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

125
Q

Controls pituitary gland is is fundamental control center for the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

126
Q

Dominant side of brain in most people

A

Left side

127
Q

Left side of brain mainly responsible for

A

Speech

128
Q

Right side of brain mostly concerned with

A

Visual spatial reasoning and music

129
Q

Thick bundle of axons that connect cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

130
Q

Largest region of the human brain

A

Cerebrum

131
Q

2 Parts of cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex (outter gray matter) and inner core of white matter that connects cortex to diencephalon

132
Q

Telencephalon has how many cerebral hemispheres

A

2

133
Q

Outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter

A

cerebral cortex

134
Q

White matter is compounds of what type of axons

A

Myelinated

135
Q

Part of the telencephalon responsible for conscious thought and intellectual functions

A

Cerebrum

136
Q

Cerebral cortex divided into how many pairs of lobes

A

4

137
Q

Part of cerebral cortex That initiates all voluntary movement

A

Frontal Lobe

138
Q

Part of cerebral cortex that is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving

A

Frontal Lobe

139
Q

Part of cerebral cortex involved in general sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, taste)

A

Parietal Lobe

140
Q

Part of cerebral cortex that processes auditory and olfactory sensation

A

Temporal Lobe

141
Q

Part of cerebral cortex involved in short-term memory and language comprehension

A

Temporal Lobe

142
Q

Part of cerebral cortex involved in emotion

A

Temporal Lobe

143
Q

Part of cerebral cortex the processes visual sensation

A

Occipital Lobe

144
Q

Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs language comprehension

A

Wernickes area

145
Q

Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs speech production

A

Broca’s Area

146
Q

Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia composed of what type of matter

A

Gray

147
Q

2 parts of the brain that work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex

A
  1. Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia)-Inhibitory

2. Cerebellum-Excitatory

148
Q

Basal Nuclei Excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

149
Q

Cerebellum Inhibitory or excitatory

A

Excitatory

150
Q

Located between cerebrum and diencephalon

A

Limbic System

151
Q

Limbic System is located where

A

Located between cerebrum and diencephalon

152
Q

Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus make up what

A

Limbic System

153
Q

Limbic System made of of what 3 parts

A

Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus

154
Q

Part of brain important for emotion and memory

A

Limbic system

155
Q

Controls reflex reactions like coughing or sneezing

A

Medulla

156
Q

Relays information to cerebellum and thalamus

A

Pons and Medulla

157
Q

Integrates visual and auditory info

A

Midbrain

158
Q

Visual and auditory reflexes located where in the brain

A

Midbrain

159
Q

Relay center for somatic (consious) sensation

A

Thalamus

160
Q

Relays info between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

161
Q

Part of brain that controls homeostatic functions

A

Hypothalamus

162
Q

Part of brain that regulates temperature, fluid blanace and appetite

A

Hypothalamus

163
Q

Part of brain that controls homeostatic function thru both neural and hormonal regulation

A

Hypothalamus

164
Q

Controls general patter of rhythm movement

A

Basal Nuclei

165
Q

Regulates body movement and muscle tone

A

Basal Nuclei

166
Q

Subconscious adjustments of conscious movements

A

Basal Nuclei

167
Q

Part of brain controlling emotional states

A

Limbic System

168
Q

Helps with memory storage and retrieval

A

Limbic System

169
Q

All neurons entering and exiting CNS carried by how many cranial nerves

A

12

170
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31

171
Q

Convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem

A

Cranial Nerves

172
Q

Conveys sensory and motor info to and from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves (31)

173
Q

Vagus nerve on heart

A

Decreases HR

174
Q

Vagus nerve on GI tract

A

Increases GI activity

175
Q

Vagus nerve is part of what part of the autonomic nervous system of PNS

A

Parasympathetic

176
Q

All somatic motor neurons innervate what type of cells

A

Skeletal Muscle

177
Q

All somatic motor neurons use what neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

178
Q

All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in one of what two parts

A
  1. Brain Stem
    or
  2. Ventral (Front) of Spinal Cord
179
Q

All somatic sensory neurons have long dendrite extending from ____ to ____

A

Sensory receptor, Soma

180
Q

All somatic Sensory neurons are located just outside CNS in

A

Dorsal root Ganglion

181
Q

A bunch of somatic and autonomic sensory neuron cell bodies located in spinal cord dorm (back)

A

Dorsal root ganglion

182
Q

T/F: Dorsal root ganglia are within vertebral column but outside meninges

A

True

183
Q

Efferents of Autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 types of neurons

A

Preganglionic and Postganglionic

184
Q

neuron that has its cell body in the brainstem or spinal cords

A

Preganglionic Neuron

185
Q

Preganglionic neuron sends axon to

A

Autonomic Ganglion

outside of spinal column

186
Q

Autonomic Glangions synapse with

A

Postganglionic neuron

187
Q

Postganglionic Neurons sends axons to

A

effector

smooth muscle or gland

188
Q

All autonomic preganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

189
Q

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

190
Q

Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter that these 2 neurons can only release

A
  1. Autonomic PRE-ganglionic neurons

2. Parasympathetic POST-ganglionic

191
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons release strictly

A

Norepinephrine

192
Q

Parasympathic postganglionic neurons release_____ while Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release _______

A

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine

193
Q

Autonomic Ganglia are located

A

Outside the spinal Cord

194
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in

A

thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord

195
Q

All parasympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in

A

Brainstem or sacral portion of spinal cord

196
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands secrete

A

glucocoriticoids (cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and some sex hormones

197
Q

Mineralcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

198
Q

Glucocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol

199
Q

The adrenal medulla is part of what part of ANS

A

Sympathetic

200
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

Epinephrine or Adrenaline

201
Q

Sensation is the act of

A

Receiving information

202
Q

Perception is the act of

A

organizing, assimilating, and interpreting the sensory input into useful and meaningful info

203
Q

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world are called

A

Exteroceptors

204
Q

Sensory receptors that respond to internal stimuli are called

A

Interoceptors

205
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Electromagnetic receptors

206
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

mechanical disturbances

207
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles are

A

A mechanoreceptor

Pressure sensor located deep in skin

208
Q

Auditory Hair cell

A

A mechanoreceptor found in cochlea of inner ear that detects vibrations caused by waves

209
Q

Vestibular Hair Cell

A

Mechanoreceptor located in the semicircular canals in inner ear to detect acceleration and position relative to gravity

210
Q

Chemoreceptors are

A

Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals

211
Q

Olfactory and Gustatory receptors and receptors that respond to pH PCO2 and PO2 levels are

A

Chemoreceptors

212
Q

Nociceptors are

A

Pain receptors

213
Q

Thermoreceptors are

A

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by changes in temperature

cold sensitive, warm sensitive and thermal nociceptors

214
Q

Electromagnetic receptors are stimulated by

A

Electromagnetic waves

215
Q

The only examples of electromagnetic receptors in humans are

A

Rods/Cones in retina of eye (photoreceptors)

216
Q

4 Properties that need to be communicated to CNS regarding sensory stimuli

A

Stimulus Modality (type of receptor firing)
Stimulus Intensity (frequency of AP)
Stimulus Location
Stimulus Duration

217
Q

Tonic Receptors fire action potentials

A

As long as stimulus continues

218
Q

Phasic Receptors fire action potentials

A

Only when stimulus begins and do not communicate stimulus duration

219
Q

Decrease in firing frequent when the stimulus intensity remains constant

A

Adaptation

220
Q

The nervous system is trained to respond to changing stimuli or constant stimuli

A

Changing Stimuli because of adaptation.

221
Q

What is the only receptors that don’t EVER undergo adaptation

A

Nociceptors

222
Q

Proprioceptions referes to

A

Awareness of Self

223
Q

Proprioception is known as your

A

Kinesthetic sense, or awareness of body position

224
Q

“What portion of the CNS would you expect to require input from proprioceptors?”

A

The cerebellum (responsible for motor coordination)

225
Q

Monitors tension in the tendons

A

Golgi tendon organs

226
Q

Detect pressure tension and movement in the joints

A

Joint Capsule receptors

227
Q

Taste and smell rely on what type of receptors

A

chemoreceptors

228
Q

5 Flavors distinguishable by taste receptors

A 
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami (AA and nucleotides)
229
Q

Taste buds are composed of specialized

A

Epithelial cells
Snapped like onions

Center is a taste pore with a taste hair

230
Q

Info about taste is transmitted by cranial nerves to

A

Temporal lobe

231
Q

Olfaction is accomplished by olfactory receptors in the roof of where

A

Nasopharynx (nasal Cavity)

232
Q

Olfactory nerves project to

A

Olfactory bulbs in the temporal lobe

close to limbic system
(May be reason why smell tied to memory and emotion)

233
Q

Chemical signals that cause a social response in members of the same species

A

Pheromones

234
Q

2 Parts of the outer ear

A
  1. Auricle/Pinna

2. External Auditory Canal

235
Q

What divides the outer ear and the inner ear

A

Tympanic membrane

236
Q

The middle ear consists of the

A

Ossicles

237
Q

What are the 3 small bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)

238
Q

Membrane that divides middle and inner ear

A

Oval Window

239
Q

Stapes attaches to

A

Oval window

240
Q

What are the 4 structures of the inner ear

A

Cochlea
Semicircular Canals
Utricle
Saccule

241
Q

Parts of the inner ear essential for balance

A

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

242
Q

The Eustachian tube (auditory tube) is a passage way from ________ to _______

A

Back of throat to middle ear

243
Q

What bone attaches to the oval window

A

Stapes

244
Q

What bone is attached to the eardrum

A

Malleus

245
Q

Vibration of the oval window by stapes bone creates pressure waves in

A

The perilymph and endolymph

cochlea fluids

246
Q

Sound wave vibration mediums in order

A

Air, Bone, Liquid

247
Q

Pressure waves in the endolymph (part of the cochlea fluids) cause vibration of

A

The basilar membrane

248
Q

Thin membrane extending throughout the coiled length of the cochlea

A

Basilar membrane

249
Q

Basilar membrane is covered with auditory receptors cells known as

A

Hair cells

250
Q

Hair cells (auditory receptors) in basement membrane have cilia and in direct contact with

A

Tectorial membrane

251
Q

when basilar membrane moves, Hair dragged and bend. The displacement opens what

A

Ion channels in the hair cells open and neurotransmitter release

252
Q

Organ of Cori in the cochlea is composed of

A

Basilar Membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane

253
Q

Describe the sound wave traveling through the ear to perception by the brain

A

auricle → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → perilymph → endolymph → basilar membrane → auditory hair cells → tectorial membrane → neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons → brain → perception

254
Q

Pitch of sound in the ear is distinguished by

A

Which REGIONS of the basilar membranes vibrate

Which stimulate different auditory neurons

255
Q

Low frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct

A

Apex (where basilar membrane is thin and floppy)

256
Q

High frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct

A

Base (Where basilar membrane is thick and sturdy)

257
Q

Loudness of sound in the ear is distinguished by

A

Vibration AMPLITUDE

Larger vibrations=More frequent action potentials

258
Q

Sound stimuli are processed in the

A

Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

259
Q

If a sensory neuron leading from the ear to the brain fires an action potential more rapidly, how will the brain perceive this change

A

More rapid firing of a cochlear neuron indicates an increase in VOLUME of sound. If the pitch changed, a different set of neurons would fire action potentials.

260
Q

In some cases of deafness, sound can still be detected by conduction of vibration through the skull to the cochlea. If the auditory nerve is severed, can sound still be detected by conductance through bone?

A

Conductance through bone allows some hearing by causing the cochlea to vibrate, which stimulates action potentials that pass through the auditory nerve to the brain. However, if the auditory nerve is severed, no hearing of any kind is possible.

261
Q

“ If the bones of the middle ear are unable to move, would this impair the detection of sound by conductance through bone?”

A

The bones of the middle ear serve to conduct vibration from the outer ear to the liquid within the cochlea but are not involved directly in detecting sound. Bone conductance can still stimulate the cochlea and result in hearing if the middle ear is nonfunctional.

262
Q

The vestibular complex is made up of what 4 components

A
  1. Three Semicircular Canals
  2. Utricle
  3. Saccule
  4. Ampullae
  • All are tubes filled with endolymph
  • Contain Hair Cells
  • Function is to detect rotational acceleration of the head
263
Q

The function of the vestibular complex is

A

To detect rotational acceleration of the head

264
Q

Light is bent or refracted as it passes through the

A

Cornea

265
Q

Refractive index of cornea is higher than that of

A

Air

266
Q

Beneath the sclera of the eye is the

A

choroid

267
Q

Function of the choroid in the eyes is to

A

absorb excess light within the eye

-Contains darkly pigmented cells

268
Q

Just inside the cornea is the

A

Anterior chamber filled with aqueous humor

269
Q

Anterior chamber behind the cornea and posterior chamber behind the iris contains

A

Aqueous Humor

270
Q

Role of the lens of the eye

A

Fine tune angle of incoming light

271
Q

Curvature of the lens and thus its refractive power is varied by

A

The ciliary muscle

272
Q

The vitreous chamber contains what

A

Vitreous humor

273
Q

The retina contains

A

Electromagnetic receptor cells (photoreceptors) knowns as rods and cones

274
Q

Rods and cones synapse with

A

Bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells (The axons are the optic nerve)

275
Q

Optic nerve travels to

A

Occipital lobe in the brain

276
Q

Point on the retina where many axons from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve is the

A

optic disk

277
Q

The optic disc is also know as the

A

blind spot (contains no photoreceptors)

278
Q

The macula contains what in the center

A

Fovea Centralis

279
Q

The fovea centralism contains only

A

Rods

-Responsible for extreme visual acuity

280
Q

Rods and cones contains special pigment proteins called

A

Opsin

-change tertiary structure upon absorbing light

281
Q

Opsin protein in the rods and cones is bound to and contains one molecule of

A

retinal (derived from vitamin A)

282
Q

Upon absorbing light photon, retinol is converted to

A

All-Trans form (Closes sodium channels and cell hyper-polarizes)

-In dark rods and cones have trans and one cis bond witch keep sodium channels open and depolarized

283
Q

In the dark, both cones and rods photoreceptors release the neurotransmitter ________ onto the bipolar cells, inhibiting firing

A

Glutamate

284
Q

Night vision is accomplished by which photoreceptor

Concentrated Where?

A

Rods, Periphery of retina

285
Q

Which photoreceptor is responsible for color vision and high acuity vision

Concentrated where?

A

Cones, Fovea

3 C’s
Cones-Color-aCuity

Kaplan Psychology/Sociology (9 decks)

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