Ch 5- Motivation, Emotions, Stress

Question 1

“Motivation can be directed toward

Answer 1

minimizing pain, maximizing pleasure, or it can be rooted in a particular physical need such as eating, drinking, sleeping, or sex.”

Question 2

Type of motivation that can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved. ”

Answer 2

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 3

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 3

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs.

Question 4

“According to the instinct theory of motivation, people are driven to do certain behaviors based on

Answer 4

evolutionarily programmed instincts. ”

Question 5

“An instinct is

Answer 5

an innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to stimuli. It may be consistent throughout life, or it may appear or disappear with time.”

Question 6

“Arousal theory of motivation states that

Answer 6

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level. ”

“Additionally, the Yerkes–Dodson law postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. This law states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level”

Question 7

“Additionally, the Yerkes–Dodson law postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. This law states that

Answer 7

performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level”

Question 8

What is the drive reduction theory

Answer 8

“defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Drives are thought to originate within an individual without requiring any external factors to motivate behavior. In other words, drives help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve the internal tension created by unmet needs.

“ Primary drives, including the need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis. ”

Question 9

“ Primary drives, including the need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis. ”

“Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called

Answer 9

secondary drives. ”

Question 10

What is the difference between a primary drive and a secondary drive?

Answer 10

“Primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes. Secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological (usually emotional) desires.”

Question 11

“Drive reduction theory explains that motivation is based on

Answer 11

the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.”

Question 12

What are the 2 need based theory

Answer 12

Maslow hierarchy of needs and the Self determination theory (SDT)

Question 13

What is the self determination theory

Answer 13

“ SDT emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.”

Question 14

“Incentive theory is

Answer 14

explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.”

Question 15

What is the opponent-process theory

Answer 15

A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use. “This theory explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to “counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology. For example, the body will counteract repeated use of alcohol, a depressant, by increasing arousal. The problem with this reaction is that it will last longer than the drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are exactly opposite the effects of alcohol: sensations of anxiety, jitteriness, and irritability.

“Opponent-process theory can also explain tolerance, a decrease in perceived drug effect over time.”

Question 16

What are the 3 elements of an emotion?

Answer 16

“ the physiological response, the behavioral response, and the cognitive response.”

Question 17

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 17

“According to the theory, a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled.”

“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”

Question 18

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 18

“when exposed to a stimulus, sensory information is received and “sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus. ”

“states that the cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioral component of emotion, or action: I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing…Let me out of here!”

“The Cannon–Bard theory fails to explain the vagus nerve, a cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the central nervous system.
.

Question 19

“A third theory is the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion, also termed the cognitive arousal theory or the two-factor theory. It states that”

Answer 19

“states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced: I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy. “What is unique to the Schachter–Singer theory is this aspect of cognitive appraisal: to feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to nervous system arousal. ”

Question 20

What are the parts of the limbic system?

Answer 20

“amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex; it plays a large role in both motivation and emotion”

Question 21

What is the amygdala?

Answer 21

“a small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. The amygdala processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person’s surroundings in order to produce emotion. This region is associated with fear and also plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions.”

Question 22

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory of emotion?

Answer 22

“The conscious (explicit) memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion: Remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation or that you were sad when you lost a loved one is explicit memory. Note that these are episodic memories: They are more properly considered memories about emotions than stored emotions. The unconscious (implicit) memory is referred to as emotional memory; this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.”

Question 23

Explicit emotional memory (memory of experiencing the emotion) is stored where. Implicit emotional memory (memory of he actual feeling) is stored where

Answer 23

Medial Temporal Lobe; Amygdala

Question 24

“It has been demonstrated that the left prefrontal cortex is associated with ______ emotions and the right prefrontal cortex with _______ emotions. ”

Answer 24

Positive; Negative

“The dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with attention and cognition, while the ventral prefrontal cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion. Specifically, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 25

“The dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with

Answer 25

attention and cognition,

Question 26

the ventral prefrontal cortex does what

Answer 26

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion. Specifically, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 27

“Decreased skin temperature is detected in subjects experiencing _____, while increased skin temperature is associated with ______. ”

Answer 27

Fear; Anger

Question 28

What are the 2 stages of stress appraisal?

Answer 28

“The MCAT will expect you to know the two stages of stress appraisal: primary and secondary. Primary appraisal is the initial examination, which results in the identification of the stress as irrelevant, benign–positive, or stressful. If identified as a threat, secondary appraisal is an evaluation of one’s ability to cope with the stress.”

Question 29

“Stressors are classified as either causing distress or causing eustress. Whats the difference?`

Answer 29

Distress occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors, whereas eustress is a result of positive conditions. Eustress can include life events such as graduating from college, achieving a high score on the MCAT, getting married, or buying a house. ”

Question 30

“Stress level can be measured in “life change units” in a system called the

Answer 30

social readjustment rating scale.”

Question 31

“conflict stresses arise from the need to make a choice. What is the difference between Approach Approach Conflict, Avoidance Avoidance Conflict, and Approach Avoidance conflict?

Answer 31

Approach–approach conflict refers to the need to choose between two desirable options. Avoidance–avoidance conflicts are choices between two negative options. Approach–avoidance conflicts deal with only one choice, goal, or event, “but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements. For instance, while a job promotion might mean more money or status, it also comes with increased responsibility, potential for longer working hours, and increased pressure.”

Question 32

What is the general Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 32

3 Distinct stages the sequence physiological responses to stress.

Good health»Alarm»Resistance»Exhaustion (burnout)

Question 33

What are the 2 strategies for coping with stress?

Answer 33

“Problem-focused strategies involve working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for social support, confronting the issue head-on, and creating and following a plan of problem-solving actions. Emotionally focused strategies center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor. They include taking responsibility for the issue, engaging in self-control, distancing oneself from the issue, engaging in wishful thinking, and using positive reappraisal to focus on positive outcomes instead of the stressor.”

Question 34

“is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.”

Answer 34

Motivation

Question 35

“Motivation can be ______, based on external circumstances; or ______, based on internal drive or perception.”

Answer 35

Extrinsic; Intrinsic

Question 36

What are instincts?

Answer 36

“Instincts are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli. In the instinct theory of motivation, people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts.”

Question 37

Whats is the arousal theory of motivation?

Answer 37

“In the arousal theory, people perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level. The Yerkes–Dodson law shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal.”

Question 38

“Drives are

Answer 38

internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals. ”

Primary drivers are focused on “bodily processes; secondary drives stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions. Drive reduction theory states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.”

Question 39

“Satisfying needs may also drive motivation. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs prioritizes needs into five categories:

Answer 39

physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority).”

Question 40

“Self-determination theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”

Answer 40

autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”

Question 41

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.”

Answer 41

“Incentive theory

Question 42

“Expectancy–value theory states that

Answer 42

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued.”

Question 43

“Opponent-process theory explains motivation for drug use:

Answer 43

as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.”

Question 44

What are the 3 components of emotion?

Answer 44

“The three components of emotion are cognitive (subjective), behavioral (facial expressions and body language), and physiological (changes in the sympathetic nervous system).”

Question 45

“In the James–Lange theory,

Answer 45

nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled.”

Question 46

“In the Cannon–Bard theory,

Answer 46

the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action.”

Question 47

“In the Schachter–Singer theory,

Answer 47

nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response.”

Question 48

“The_____ _____ is the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion.”

Answer 48

Limbic System

Question 49

“The _______ is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.”

Answer 49

Amygdala

Question 50

“creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories.”

Answer 50

Hippocampus

Question 51

“The prefrontal cortex is involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions. The ________ is critical for experiencing emotion; the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, specifically, is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.”

Answer 51

The ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 52

________ is classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign–positive, or stressful.”

Answer 52

Primary Appraisal

Secondary appraisal is directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge.

Question 53

Secondary appraisal is directed at

Answer 53

evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge.

Question 54

“The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are

Answer 54

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.”