Ch 1- Biology & Behavior

Question 1

“had one of the earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and even personality might be linked to brain anatomy. He developed the doctrine of phrenology. The basic idea was that if a particular trait was well-developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand.”

Answer 1

Franz Gall

Question 2

“ was the first person to study the functions of the major sections of the brain. He did this by extirpation on rabbits and pigeons, also known as ablation. In extirpation, various parts of the brain are surgically removed and the behavioral consequences are observed.”

Answer 2

“Pierre Flourens

Flourens’s work led to his assertion that the brain had specific parts for specific functions, and that the removal of one part weakens the whole brain.

Question 3

“known as the father of American psychology, believed that it was important to study how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment. His view was among the first theories that formed functionalism, a system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.”

Answer 3

William James

Question 4

What is functionalism?

Answer 4

A system of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

Question 5

“ is another important name in functionalism because his 1896 article is seen as its inception. This article criticized the concept of the reflex arc, which breaks the process of reacting to a stimulus into discrete parts. Dewey believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment.”

Answer 5

John Dewey

Question 6

“(1824–1880) added to the knowledge of physiology by examining the behavioral deficits of people with brain damage. He was the first person to demonstrate that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions.

Answer 6

Paul Broca

Broca found that a man who’d been unable to talk was unable to do so because of a lesion in a specific area on the left side of the brain. This area of the brain is now referred to as Broca’s area.”

Question 7

“was the first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse. By actually measuring the speed of nerve impulses in terms of reaction time, Helmholtz is often credited with the transition of psychology into a field of the natural sciences.”

Answer 7

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 8

“Around the turn of the century, Sir Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) first inferred the existence of synapses. Many of his conclusions have held over time—except for one. He thought that synaptic transmission was an electrical process, but we now know that it is primarily a chemical process.”

Answer 8

Sir Charles Sherrington

Question 9

“There are three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system:

Answer 9

sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.”

Question 10

“Sensory neurons (also known as afferent neurons) transmit sensory information from receptors to the_____

Motor neurons (also known as efferent neurons) transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to ______

Answer 10

spinal cord and brain; muscles and glands”

“Interneurons are found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons. ”

Question 11

is made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, such as the 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves”

Answer 11

PNS

Question 12

“The main role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to

Answer 12

conserve energy.”

Question 13

is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body.”

Answer 13

“Acetylcholine

Question 14

What are the 3 meninges

Answer 14

“the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mate”

DAP!!

Question 15

“In evolutionary terms, the hindbrain and midbrain were brain structures that developed earlier. Together they form the

Answer 15

brainstem

“sometimes referred to as the most primitive region of the brain”

Question 16

“ a group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory”

Answer 16

Limbic System

Developed later in evolutionary terms

“Aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain are all related to the limbic system. ”

Question 17

“The most recent evolutionary development of the human brain is the ____ _____, which is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres.”

Answer 17

Cerebral Cortex

Question 18

“At first, the tube is composed of three swellings, which correspond to the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. Both the _____ and ____ later divide into two swellings, creating five total swellings in the mature neural tube.”

Answer 18

hindbrain and forebrain

Question 19

2 parts of the forebrain?

2 Parts of the hindbrain?

Answer 19

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system)

Diencephalon (“thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)

Myelencephalon (medulla)
Mesencephalon (pons/cerebellum)

Question 20

“During embryonic development, the rhombencephalon divides to form the myelencephalon (which becomes the ______) and the metencephalon (which becomes the _______). ”

Answer 20

medulla oblongata; pons and cerebellum

Question 21

“Rods and cones connect with ______, which highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones.

Answer 21

bipolar cells

Question 22

“is a lower brain structure that is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. ”

Answer 22

Medulla

Question 23

“receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. The midbrain is associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli”

Answer 23

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

“There are several prominent nuclei in the midbrain, two of which are collectively called colliculi. The superior colliculus receives visual sensory input, and the inferior colliculus receives sensory information from the auditory system. The inferior colliculus has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises.”

Question 24

“There are several prominent nuclei in the midbrain, two of which are collectively called _______.

Answer 24

Colliculi

Question 25

In the midbrain, The _______receives visual sensory input, and the _______ receives sensory information from the auditory system. The inferior colliculus has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises.”

Answer 25

superior colliculus; inferior colliculus

Question 26

“During prenatal development, the prosencephalon (forebrain) divides to form the _____ (which forms the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system) and the ______ (which forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland).”

Answer 26

telencephalon; diencephalon

Question 27

What is neuropsychology

Answer 27

“ refers to the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.”

“It is most often applied in research settings, where researchers attempt to associate very specific areas in the brain to behavior, and in clinical settings when patients are treated for brain lesions. Neuropsychology has its own experimental methodology and technology.”

Question 28

“By using electrical stimulation, neurosurgeons can thus create ____ ____. This method relies on the assistance of the patient, who is awake and alert. Because there are no pain receptors in the brain, only local anesthesia is required”

Answer 28

Cortical Maps

Question 29

“Electrical activity generated by larger groups of neurons can be studied using an ________, which involves placing several electrodes on the scalp. Broad patterns of electrical activity can thus be detected and recorded.”

Answer 29

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 30

What is regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

Answer 30

a noninvasive mapping procedure which detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain. rCBF relies on the assumption that when a specific cognitive function activates certain regions of the brain, the blood flow to those regions increases.

Question 31

“is a structure within the forebrain that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information, including all senses except for smell”

Answer 31

Thalamus

Part of the diancephalon

Question 32

The hypothalamus is subdivided into what 3 parts?

Answer 32

“lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and anterior hypothalamus,”

VAL

Question 33

“serves homeostatic functions, and is a key player in emotional experiences during high arousal states, aggressive behavior, and sexual behavior”

Answer 33

Hypothalamus

“ is also the primary regulator of the autonomic nervous system and is important in drive behaviors: hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.”

Feeding
Fighting
Flighting
Fucking

Question 34

Part of the hypothalamus referred to as the hunger center because it has special receptors thought to detect when the body needs more food or fluids”

Answer 34

Lateral Hypothalamus

“ In other words, the LH triggers eating and drinking. When this part of the hypothalamus is destroyed in lab rats, they refuse to eat and drink and would starve to death if not force-fed through tubes.”

“When the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) is destroyed, one Lacks Hunger.” (LH)

Question 35

Region of the hypothalamus identified as the “satiety center,” and provides signals to stop eating”
Brain lesions here lead to obesity`

Answer 35

“The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

“When the VentroMedial Hypothalamus (VMH) is destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry.” (VMH)

Question 36

Part of the hypothalamus that controls sexual behavior. When the anterior hypothalamus is stimulated, lab animals will mount just about anything (including inanimate objects). In many species, damage here also leads to permanent inhibition of sexual activity. also regulates sleep and body temperature.”

Answer 36

Anterior Hypothalamus

“When the AAAAAnterior hypothalamus is destroyed, one is AAAAAsexual.”

Question 37

“comprised of axonal projections from the hypothalamus and is the site of release for the hypothalamic hormones”

Answer 37

Posterior Pituitary

Question 38

“the key player in several biological rhythms. Most notably, it secretes a hormone called melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms. Receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight.”

Answer 38

Pineal Gland

Question 39

“coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay this information (via the extrapyramidal motor system) to the brain and the spinal cord”

Answer 39

Basal Ganglia

“The extrapyramidal motor system gathers information about body position and carries this information to the central nervous system.”

Question 40

Comprises a group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain and is primarily associated with emotion and memory. ”

Answer 40

Limbic System

Question 41

What are the components of the limbic system?

Answer 41

“Its primary components include the septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus.”

Question 42

What is the septal nuclei?

Answer 42

Part of the limbic system. It contains one of the primary pleasure centers in the brain. Mild stimulation of the septal nuclei is reported to be intensely pleasurable; there is an association between these nuclei and addictive behavior.”

Question 43

Part of the limbic system and is a structure that plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors, including fear and rage.

Answer 43

Amygdala

“When the amygdala is damaged, aggression and fear reactions are markedly reduced. Lesions to the amygdala result in docility and hypersexual states.”

Question 44

What happens when there are lesions to the amygdala?

Answer 44

“When the amygdala is damaged, aggression and fear reactions are markedly reduced. Lesions to the amygdala result in docility and hypersexual states.”

Question 45

What is the hippocampus

Answer 45

Part of the limbic system. “plays a vital role in learning and memory processes; specifically, the hippocampus helps consolidate information to form long-term memories, and can redistribute remote memories to the cerebral cortex.”

Question 46

“The hippocampus communicates with other portions of the limbic system through a long projection called

Answer 46

the fornix. ”

Question 47

What is anterograde Amnesia?

Answer 47

irreversible loss of memory for any new information.

This kind of memory loss is called anterograde amnesia and is characterized by not being able to establish new long-term memories, whereas memory for events that occurred before brain injury is usually intact. ”

“The opposite kind of memory loss, retrograde amnesia, refers to memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury.”

Question 48

“The outer surface of the brain is called the

Answer 48

cerebral cortex.

The cortex is sometimes called the neocortex, a reminder that the cortex is the most recent brain region to evolve.”

“ Rather than having a smooth surface, the cortex has numerous bumps and folds called gyri and sulci, respectively. The convoluted structure of the brain provides increased surface area. The cerebrum is divided into two halves, called cerebral hemispheres. ”

Question 49

“ Rather than having a smooth surface, the cerebral cortex has numerous bumps and folds called ______, respectively. The convoluted structure of the brain provides increased surface area.

Answer 49

gyri and sulk

The cerebrum is divided into two halves, called cerebral hemispheres. ”

Question 50

“The frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex is comprised of two basic regions:

Answer 50

the prefrontal lobes and the motor cortex. ”

“ The prefrontal cortex manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions. This region supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. ”

Question 51

“ The prefrontal cortex (part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex) does what functions

Answer 51

manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions. This region supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. ”

Question 52

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex (part of the frontal lobe) in memory?

Answer 52

Not to store memory but to remind the individual that he has something to remember at all

“To regulate attention and alertness, the prefrontal cortex communicates with the reticular formation in the brainstem, telling an individual either to wake up or relax, depending on the situation.”

Question 53

What is the difference between an association area of the brain and a projection area

Answer 53

“association area is an area that integrates input from diverse brain regions. For example, multiple inputs may be necessary to solve a complex puzzle, to plan ahead for the future, or to reach a difficult decision. The prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe is a great example of this

Association areas are generally contrasted with projection areas, which perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks. Examples of projection areas include the visual cortex, which receives visual input from the retina, and the motor cortex, which sends out motor commands to the muscles.”

Question 54

What can damage to the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe do to a person?

Answer 54

“more impulsive and generally less in control of his or her behavior, or depressed. It is not unusual, for instance, for someone with a prefrontal lesion to make vulgar and inappropriate sexual remarks, or to be apathetic.”

Question 55

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 55

A fissure that divides the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 56

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 56

On the pre central gyrus “(just in front of the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes)

“initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles. As such, it is considered a projection area in the brain.”

Question 57

“The neurons in the motor cortex are arranged systematically according to the parts of the body to which they are connected, which can be visualized through the

Answer 57

motor homunculus”

Question 58

Where is brocas area found?

Answer 58

Part of the frontal lobe

“Broca’s area is usually found in only one hemisphere, the so-called “dominant” hemisphere; for most people—both right- and left-handed—this is the LEFT hemisphere.”

Question 59

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 59

On the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe (past the central sulcus operating the frontal and parietal lobes)

Is involved in somatosensory information processing. This projection area is the destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.”

Question 60

“Despite certain differences, the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex are very closely related. In fact, they are so interrelated they sometimes are described as a single unit called

Answer 60

the sensorimotor cortex”

Question 61

What is the CENTRAL region of the parietal lobe associated with?

Answer 61

spatial processing and manipulation.

This region makes it possible to orient oneself and other objects in three-dimensional space, to do spatial manipulation of objects, and to apply spatial orientation skills such as those required for map-reading.”

Question 62

The occipital lobe contains what cortex?

Answer 62

“contain the visual cortex, which is sometimes called the striate cortex.”

“Striate means furrowed or striped, which is how the visual cortex appears when examined under a microscope”

Question 63

What are two important parts of the temporal lobe?

Answer 63

The auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

“The temporal lobe also functions in memory processing, emotion, and language. ”

Question 64

What are the functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 64

“The temporal lobe also functions in memory processing, emotion, and language. ”

The auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area is also here

“Studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe can evoke memories for past events”
“This makes sense because the hippocampus is located deep inside the temporal lobe”

The 2 lobes are not independent of one another

Question 65

Examples of ipsilateral and contralateral control in the brain

Answer 65

“he motor neurons on the left side of the brain activate movements on the right side of the body (contralateral)

In other cases (for instance, hearing), cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body. In such cases, the hemispheres communicate ipsilaterally.”

Question 66

How can we define the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 66

The one that is more heavily stimulated during language reception and production

Question 67

Which is the dominant hemisphere in most people?

Answer 67

LEFT!

95% of right handed ppl are left dom
72% of left hand people are left dom also

Question 68

The dominant hemisphere (usually left) is primarily dealing with what type of functions?

Answer 68

“primarily analytic in function, making it well-suited for managing details. For instance, language, logic, and math skills are all located in the dominant hemisphere. Again, language production (Broca’s area) and language comprehension (Wernicke’s area) are primarily driven by the dominant hemisphere.”

Question 69

The non dominant hemisphere (usually right) is associated with what?

Answer 69

“intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing. The nondominant hemisphere simultaneously processes the pieces of a stimulus and assembles them into a holistic image. The nondominant hemisphere serves a less prominent role in language.

Question 70

Where is acetylcholine found?

Answer 70

A neurotransmitter found in “both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine is used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles in the somatic part. It is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system and a small portion of the sympathetic nervous system (for innervating sweat glands)”

Question 71

What are the 3 catecholamines

Answer 71

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

“Due to similarities in their molecular composition, these three transmitters are also classified as monoanimes, or biogenic amines. The most important thing to know about the catecholamines is that they all play important roles in the experience of emotions.

“Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with depression; high levels are associated with anxiety and mania.”

Question 72

“Low and high levels of norepinephrine are associated with

Answer 72

“Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with depression; high levels are associated with anxiety and mania.”

Question 73

A catecholamine that plays an important role in movement and posture. High concentrations of dopamine are normally found in the basal ganglia, which help smooth movements and maintain postural stability.

Answer 73

Dopamine

Question 74

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 74

“The dopamine hypothesis argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain. ”

Question 75

Parkinson’s diseases is associated with what pertaining to neurotransmitters?

Answer 75

“associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. These disruptions of dopamine transmission lead to resting tremors and jerky movements, as well as postural instability.”

Question 76

What is the role of serotonin?

Answer 76

“generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming.

Like norepinephrine, serotonin is thought to play a role in depression and mania. An oversupply of serotonin is thought to produce manic states; an undersupply is thought to produce depression.”

Question 77

“The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a role in what?

Answer 77

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain.

“GABA exerts its effects by causing hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.”

Question 78

What are neuromodulators?

Answer 78

Also called neuropeptides.

Are peptides involved in euro transmission.

“involves a more complicated chain of events in the postsynaptic cell than that of regular neurotransmitters. Neuromodulators are therefore relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters. ”

The 2 most important neuromodulators are endorphins and enkephalines

Question 79

Acetylcholine plays a role in what?

Answer 79

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic system as well as ATTENTION and ALERTNESS

Question 80

“The adrenal cortex also contributes to sexual functioning by producing sex hormones, such as

Answer 80

testosterone and estrogen.”

Question 81

What is Innate behavior?

Answer 81

Behavior that is genetically programmed as a result of “evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience. ”

“In contrast, other behaviors are considered learned. Learned behaviors are not based on heredity but instead on experience and environment.”

Question 82

What is the difference between Innate and Learned behavior?

Answer 82

Innate Behavior that is genetically programmed as a result of “evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience. ”

“In contrast, other behaviors are considered learned. Learned behaviors are not based on heredity but instead on experience and environment.”

Question 83

When it comes to Genetics and behavior, what is adaptive value?

Answer 83

“the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species, thus leading to adaptation through natural selection.”

Question 84

What are the 3 main methods of research that determines the degree of genetic influence in individual differences between people?

Answer 84

“family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies.”

Question 85

What is a family study? What is it used for? What are the limitations?

Answer 85

A family study is a method of research that determines the degree of genetic influence in individual differences between people on the assumption that families are genetically more similar than non-family.

Researchers can compare rates of a given trait among family members to those among unrelated individuals”

Limitation is that families share both genetics and environment. Family studies cannot distinguish shared environmental factors from genetic factors; perhaps the increased rates of schizophrenia in families are a result of experiencing the same emotional climate in the home rather than genetically shared characteristics.”

Question 86

What are concordance rates?

Answer 86

“refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.

MZ twins are genetically identical, sharing 100 percent of their genes, whereas DZ twins share approximately 50 percent of their genes.”

Question 87

“refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait. MZ twins are genetically identical, sharing ___ percent of their genes, whereas DZ twins share approximately ____ percent of their genes.”

Answer 87

100%; 50%

Question 88

How does neurulation occur?

Answer 88

“occurs when the ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural folds”

“Cells at the leading edge of the neural fold are called the neural crest, and will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues, including dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), and calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid”

Question 89

What is the function of the neural crest

Answer 89

“Cells at the leading edge of the neural fold are called the neural crest, and will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues, including dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), and calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid”

Question 90

During neurolation, The remainder of the furrow closes to form the neural tube, which will ultimately form the _______.

Answer 90

central nervous system (CNS)

The neural tube has an alar plate, which differentiates into sensory neurons, and a basal plate, which differentiates into motor neurons.”

Question 91

The neural tube has an alar plate, which differentiates into _______, and a basal plate, which differentiates into ______

Answer 91

sensory neurons; motor neurons.”

Question 92

What is a reflex

Answer 92

“is a behavior that occurs automatically in response to a given stimulus.”

Question 93

What is the moro reflex and when does it disappear?

Answer 93

“Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying.”

Disappears by 4 MONTHS

Question 94

What are the 2 classes of motor skills?

Answer 94

“Gross motor skills incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Fine motor skills involve the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, providing more specific and delicate movement. Fine motor abilities include tracking motion, drawing, catching, and waving.”

Question 95

When do stranger and separation anxiety develop?

Answer 95

7 and 12 months respectively

Question 96

At two years what type of play does a child exhibit?

Answer 96

Parallel play

“in which children will play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behavior”

Question 97

“a child has an awareness of his or her gender identity, engages in gender-specific play, and knows his or her full name.”

Answer 97

Age 3

Question 98

“From ages six through twelve, friend circles tend to be

Answer 98

of the same sex without expression of romantic feelings. ”

Question 99

For milestones the general theme is that gross motor skills progress ______.

What is correlation between the development of motor skills and proximity to the center of the body?

Social skills move from what orientation to what?.”

Answer 99

in a head-to-toe order starting with the ability to lift the head, stabilize the trunk, and finally walking;

skills are developed at the core prior to extremities;

being parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented

Question 100

What is neuropsychology?

Answer 100

“the study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior. It most often focuses on the functions of various brain regions.”

Question 101

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 101

“use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain.”

Question 102

The hindbrain contains what 3 parts

Answer 102

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

Question 103

The midbrain contains what 2 parts?

Answer 103

Inferior and superior colliculi

Question 104

The forebrain contains what parts?

Answer 104

Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Question 105

What are 3 methods we can use to study the brain?

Answer 105

1. Study animals/humans with lesions
2. Electrical Stimulation
3. Activity recording (EEG), regional cerebral blood flow

Question 106

The hypophyseal petal system connects what to what

Answer 106

Connects hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 107

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 107

Smoothen movements and helps maintain postural stablity

Question 108

The septal nuclei are involved with

Answer 108

“feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior, and addiction.”

Question 109

The amygdala controls

Answer 109

fear and aggresion

Question 110

The hippocampus does what

Answer 110

“ consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called the fornix.”

Question 111

The frontal lobe does what

Answer 111

“controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production.”

Question 112

The parietal lobe controls

Answer 112

“controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; spatial processing; orientation; and manipulation

Question 113

Role of the temporal lobe?

Answer 113

“controls sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion.”

Question 114

“The brain is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, left and right. In most individuals, the ____hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language.”

Answer 114

LEFT

Question 115

“Neurotransmitters are released by neurons to carry a signal to

Answer 115

another neuron or effector (a muscle fiber or a gland).”

Question 116

Dopamine does what

Answer 116

“maintains smooth movements and steady posture.”

Question 117

“Epinephrine tends to act as a ______, and norepinephrine tends to act more classically as a ______.”

Answer 117

Hormone; neurotransmitter

Question 118

_______ look at the relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to the general population.
________ compare concordance rates between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.
________ compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similarities with their biological parents.”

Answer 118

Family Studies; Twin Studies; Adoption studies

Question 119

“The ______ becomes the central nervous system (CNS).”

Answer 119

Neural Tube

Question 120

In neurolation, The _______ spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues.”

Answer 120

Neural Crest Cells

Question 121

“In the _______, the infant turns his or her head toward anything that brushes the cheek.”

Answer 121

Rooting Reflex

Question 122

“In the _______, the infant extends the arms, then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a sensation of falling.”

Answer 122

Moro Reflex

Question 123

“In the _____ _____, the big toe is extended and the other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole of the foot.”

Answer 123

Babinski Reflex