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Systemic Pathology > YR3 7 AS HO3 - Intestine > Flashcards

YR3 7 AS HO3 - Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine; Classes

A

1)Congenital 2)Structural 3)Accidents/displacements

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2
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Congenital

A

1)Atresia 2)Aplasia/Hypoplasia 3)Schistosomus reflexus

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3
Q

Atresia definition; examples

A

Part of the bowel that is occluded 1)Atresia Ani -Enlarged abdomen, imperforate anus, unable to defecate +/- surgical correction 2)Intestinal Atresia 3)Caecocolic Atresia - lack of fat around intestine 4)Segmental Blind-end Colonic Atresia - inherited in Friesians

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4
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Structural; types (e.g.)

A

Secondary to congenital; 1)Acquired internal blockage e.g. worms, foreign bodies 2)External compression e.g. neoplasia, granuloma 3)Functional paralysis e.g. paralytic ileus, grass sickness

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5
Q

Consequences of intestinal obstruction - Upper vs.. Lower or Simple vs. Strangulated

A

1)Upper - Acute, severe and rapid w/ haemoconcentration > electrolyte depletion > alkalosis 2)Lower (colon) - less acute (even chronic) > toxaemia 3) Strangulated - engorged segments, fluid & electrolytes lost > toxaemia & shock

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6
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Accidents/Displacements types

A

1)Volvulus/torsion - ‘redgut of sheep’ 2)Intussusception 3)Eventration - surgical wound, umbilical at birth, traumatic, schistosomus reflexus (foetal anomaly) 4)Internal hernia - diaphragmatic, tear in the mesentery/omentum, epiploic foramen & nephrospenic space (horse) 5)External hernia - ventral e.g. pregnancy, umbilical - often inherited, inguinal/scrotal, perineal - male dogs with prostatic disease

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7
Q

In Horses, torsion and volvulus cause

A

Colic

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8
Q

Miscellaneous disorders of the intestines

A

1)Intestinal liposuscinosis (‘brown bowel’ dog) 2)Smooth muscles hypertrophy of terminal ileum - pigs & horses 3)Diverticulosis - sheep 4)Intestinal emphysema - pigs 5)Haemomelasma ilei - horses (Strongylus edentatus) 6)Rectal prolapse - pig, sheep, cattle

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9
Q

Intestinal Diverticulosis (sheep)

A

Cystic mucosal pouches through defects in the intestinal wall

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10
Q

Intestinal Emphysema (pig)

A

Incidental finding in pigs at slaughter

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11
Q

Changes to normal structure/function in enteritis

A

1)Irritation > increased mucus secretion 2)Increased exfoliation / desquamation 3)Increased mitotic rate in crypts 4)Necrosis of villous epithelium, contraction of lamina propria > shorting of villi 5)Replacement by cells less differentiated - cuboidal/squamous

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Enteritis

A

Necrosis of villous epithelium > crypt hyperplasia. Necrosis in crypts > villi become denuded, mucosa ‘collapses’. Deficient digestion & absorption > Deficient absorption of protein & water > wasting & dehydration. Loss of electrolytes

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13
Q

What is the ultimate result of enteritis

A

Diarrhoea

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14
Q

Diarrhoea is

A

Relative excess of water compared to faecal dry matter

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15
Q

Diarrhoea can occur in the small or large bowel and causes

A

Dehydration, electrolytes depleted, acid-base balance upset

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16
Q

Small Bowel Diarrhoea; types, e.g.

A

1)Secretory - bacterial enterotoxins e.g. E.coli 2)Malabsorptive - osmotic retention in lumen (MgSO4) e.g. Villus atrophy (TGE) 3)Effusive - hydrostatic/oncotic pressure gradient e.g. inflammation (Salmonella. Clostridium, Yersinia)

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17
Q

Large Bowel Diarrhoea; types, e.g.

A

1)Loss of absorptive epithelium e.g. ulcers 2)Fatty acid production (osmotic) - products of bacterial fermentation e.g. castor oil 3)Reduction in net absorption e.g. Johne’s 4)Intestines become flaccid, hypomobile

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18
Q

Inflammation of the intestines; types

A

1)Small intestine - enteritis (duodenitis, jejunitis, ileitis 2)Caecum - typhlitis 3)Ileocaecal valve - typhlodicliditis (ty.phlo.di.cli.di.tis) 5)Colon - colitis 6)Rectum - proctitis

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19
Q

Enteritis; types, cause

A

1)Lymphoplasmacytic - IBD 2)Eosinophilic - parasites 3)Granulomatous - Johne’s 4)Pseudomembranous - Salmonella 5)Necrotic - Parvo 6)Catarrhal - parasites

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20
Q

Colitis; types, cause

A

1)Lymphoplasmacytic 2)Histolytic - Boxer Colitis 3)Ulcerative - Shigella / Pyogranulomatous - Johne’s 4)Dysentery - Swine-Brachyspira hyodyseteriae 5)Haematochezia

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21
Q

Chronic Enteritis / Colitis - Parasites

A

Eosinophilc

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22
Q

Chronic Enteritis / Colitis - Bacterial

A

Johne’s disease - granulomatous

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23
Q

Atrophic Enteritis

A

Sprue 1)Stunting & atrophy of villi 2)Fusion of villi 3)Covered with less differentiated epithelium & fewer microvilli 4)Increased inflammatory cells in lamina propria 5)May be manifestation of chronic disease

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24
Q

Viral Enteritis; name, species

A

1)Rotavirus - calves 2)Coronavirus - calves, pigs, cats, dogs 3)Parvovirus - cats, dogs 4)Morbillivirus - rinderpest, distemper in pups 5)Pestivirus - BVD, Hog Cholera 6)Herpesvirus

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25
Q

Rotavirus; pathogenesis

A

Upper small intestine > superficial damage to villi > villus atrophy > osmotic diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial (E.coli) or protozoa (Cryptosporidium) infection. Neonates that receive no colostrum prone

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26
Q

Coronavirus; pathogenesis

A

Lower small intestine & colon > superficial damage to villi > villus atrophy > osmotic diarrhoea

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27
Q

Coronavirus; pigs

A

1)Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) 2)Epidemic diarrhoea 3)Vomiting & wasting disease

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28
Q

Coronavirus; cats

A

Feline Infectious Peritonitis 1)Immune complex form (delayed hypersensitivity reaction) 2)Vasculitis & Multifocal granulomas 3)Mixed Inflammatory infiltrates 4)Wet and dry forms 5)Enteritis in 6-12wk kittens > kitten mortality complex & cardiomyopathy

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29
Q

Canine Parvovirus Enteritis; intestinal lesions

A

Macro: Serosal surface - Fibrin strands, patchy hyperaemia, surface appear finely granular, Mucosal surface - blood-tinged contents, surface dull, yellow & fissured and lacking epithelium. Micro: crypt regeneration and nuclear inclusion

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30
Q

Feline Infectious Enteritis; intestinal lesions

A

Panleukopenia. Intestine empty; mucosa may be covered with mucus or have scattered petechiae

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31
Q

Parvovirus Enteritis; affected tissues

A

1)Intestinal crypts 2)Bone marrow (esp. cats) 3)Myocardium(3-8wk pups) 4)Lymphoid tissue (thymic atrophy) 5)Cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens in utero) 6)Nuclear inclusions

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32
Q

Classical Swine Fever; lesions

A

Hog Cholera - Very sick pig 1)’Turkey egg’ kidney 2)’Button ulcers’ colon. DD - Salmonellosis

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33
Q

Bovine Virus Diarrhoea; lesions

A

Prolapsed crypt in Peyer’s patch in ileum. Crypts contain abscesses

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34
Q

Bacterial Enteritis; name

A

E.coli, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, Paratuberculosis, Lawsonia intracellularis, Campylobacter infections, Swine dysentery, Spirochaetal colitis, Rhodococcus equi, Clostridial diseases

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35
Q

Enteritis - Escherichia coli; disease

A

Enteric colibacillosis aka ‘white scours’ - new born calves

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36
Q

Enteritis - Escherichia coli; pathogens

A

1)Pathogenic strains Ruminants:K99 & Pig:K88 2) Enterotoxins > Enterotoxigenic (ETEC), Enteropathogenic (EPEC), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), Enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) & Verotoxic (VTEC)

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37
Q

Enteritis - Escherichia coli; primary effects

A

1)Bacteraemia from enteric infection or navel ill (om.pha.lo.phle.bitis) 2)Septicaemia 3)Cystitis/pyelonephritis 4)Mastitis - Cows, Sow, Bitches

38
Q

Enteric colibacillosis; Secondary Supperative lesions

A

1)Joints (arthritis) 2)Meninges (meningitis) 3)Focal interstitial nephritis (‘white spotted kidney’)

39
Q

Oedema Disease; species, agent

A

Recently weaned pigs by Verotoxic strain of E.coli (Shiga toxin)

40
Q

Oedema Disease; pathogenesis

A

Endothelial damage leads to oedema of eyelids, nose & ears and greater curvature of the stomach & colon

41
Q

Oedema Disease; lesions

A

Infarcts in gastric wall, ascites, hydrothorax, hyropericardium w/ fibrin strands, symmetrical encephalomalacia of brain stem and fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries

42
Q

Post-weaning Diarrhoea in Pigs; agent, lesion

A

ETEC, gastric infarction

43
Q

Salmonellosis; pathogens

A

Typhimurium, Dublin, Hindmarsh, Brandenburg, Choleraesuis

44
Q

Salmonellosis; types of inflammation

A

1) Acute/Chronic enteritis 2)Typhlitis 3)Colitis

45
Q

Salmonellosis; diseases/effects

A

1) Pneumonia 2)Septicaemia 3)Abortion 4)Arthritis, Meningitis

46
Q

Salmonellosis - ruminants; lesions

A

Macro: 1)Catarrhal enteritis 2)fibronecrotic enteritis/typhlocolitis/abomasitis Micro: Disseminate foci of necrosis in the liver & spleen

47
Q

Salmonellosis - pigs; lesions, DD

A

1)Splenomegaly 2)Gastric infarcts 2)colonic lesions - acute to chronic, ‘button’ lesions in the latter. DD classical swine fever

48
Q

Salmonellosis - horses; agent, affected

A

S.Typhimurium, Young & Old

49
Q

Salmonellosis - horses; diseases/effects

A

1)Fibronecrotic enterocolitis 2)Pneumonia 3)Polyarthritis 3)Meningoencephalitis 4)Septicaemia

50
Q

Salmonellosis - horses; DDx

A

1) Colitis X 2)Ehrlichia risticii (Potomac Horse Fever)

51
Q

Yersiniosis; pathogens, cause, species

A

1)Yersinia psuedotuberculosis > Gastroenterocolitis and/or abortion - cattle, sheep, goats & farmed dear 2)Y. enterocolitica > Enterocolitis - goats, sheep, pig

52
Q

Yersiniosis; lesions, signs

A

1)Lesions in intestine, mesenteric LN, liver & placenta 2)Enteritis often haemorrhagic, Subclinical infections & carriers

53
Q

Paratuberculosis aka

A

Johne’s disease

54
Q

Paratuberculosis; pathogens

A

1)Mycobacterium avium 2)Paratuberculosis

55
Q

Paratuberculosis; animals

A

Mature cattle, sheep, deer, goats

56
Q

Paratuberculosis; pathogenesis

A

Ileum mainly, also jejunum, caecum, proximal colon. Long incubation period. Granulomatous inflammation. Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain (acid-fast organism)

57
Q

Johne’s Disease; signs/macro lesions

A

1)Sunken eye in socket 2)Sever diarrhoea, wasting & dehydration 3)Bovine serosal surface of ileum - cerebriform pattern / nodular lymphangitis 4)Ovine serosal surface of ileum - prominent lymphatics 5)Ileal mucosa thickened with transverse folds 6)Ileal serosal & mesenteric lymphangitis 7)Ileocaecal lymphadenitis

58
Q

Johne’s Disease; micro lesions

A

1)Focal necrosis in ileocaecal lymphadenitis (dear, goat - DD Tb) 2) Epitheloid macrophages, + lymphocytes,Langerhans’ giant cells, plasma cells & neutrophils 3)Inflammatory foci in liver 4)Clumps of AFO in faecal smear

59
Q

Lawsonia Intracellularis - pigs; disease

A

Porcine Intestinal Adenomatosis (PIA)

60
Q

Lawsonia Intracellularis - PIA; lesions

A

Macro 1)Cerebriform appearance of SI serosal surface 2)Necrotic ileitis 3)Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) - congealed blood cast Micro 1)Epithelial cell nuclei

61
Q

Lawsonia Intracellularis - PIA; diag.

A

Warthin-Starry silver stain, intracellular comma-shaped bacteria

62
Q

Campylobacter infections; pathogen, species

A

C.jejuni - Dogs, cats, cattle, sheep

63
Q

Swine dysentery; agent

A

Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodosenteriae - highly infectious

64
Q

Swine dysentery; pathogenesis

A

Dysentery due to fibrinonectrotic colitis

65
Q

Swine dysentery; diag.

A

Warthin-Starry silver stain

66
Q

Spirochaetal Colitis; agent, cause

A

Brachyspira pilosicoli, Diarrhoea & ill-thrift

67
Q

Spirochaetal Colitis; diag.

A

Warthin-Starry silver stain

68
Q

Rhodococcus equi - horse; lesions

A

Macro 1)Pyogranulomatous pneumonia 2)Ulcerative typhlocolitis Micro 1)Gram +ve rods within macrophages

69
Q

Enteric Clostridial Infections; pathogen

A

Clostridium perfringens (Type A,B,C,D)

70
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A; causes

A

1)Clotis X of horses 2)Gas gangrene, false blackleg

71
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type B; causes

A

Lamb dysentery (also in calves, foals)

72
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type C; causes

A

1)Necrotic enteritis in piglets, lambs, calves 2)’Struck’ sheep

73
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type D; causes

A

? toxin - Enterotoxaemia (‘pulpy kidney’) - sheep, goats, cattle

74
Q

Clostridium perfringens - dogs; lesions

A

Enterorrhagia, necrosis of superficial mucosa

75
Q

Protozoal Enteritis; agents

A

1)Coccidiosis 2)Cryptosporidium 3)Giardia infection 4)Tritrichomonas foetus spp foetus

76
Q

Coccidiosis - cattle; agents

A

Eimeria zuernii, E.bovis

77
Q

Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; agents

A

Eimeria spp.

78
Q

Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; causes

A

1)Enteritis 2)Diarrhoea 3)Dehydration 4)Acidosis

79
Q

Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; lesions

A

Macro 1)Enlarged mesenteric LN 2)Multi. proliferated nodules 3)Ascites 4)Lung oedema in young goats Micro 1)Gametocytes in epithelial cells 2)Oocysts in faeces

80
Q

Coccidiosis - pig; agents

A

Isospora spp. (suis)

81
Q

Coccidiosis - dog, cat; agents

A

Isospora spp.

82
Q

Gastrointestinal Nematodes

A

1)Toxocara canis 2)Parascaris equorum 3)Oesophagostomum spp. 4)Cyanostomes 5)Anoplocephala perfoliata 6)Moniezia spp.

83
Q

Toxocara canis

A

SI of young dog

84
Q

Paracaris equorum

A

SI of yearling horse

85
Q

Oesophagostomum

A

Multifocal nodular parasitic enteritis

86
Q

Cyathostomes

A

Small Strongyles of horse. Forms nematode granuloma

87
Q

Anaplocephala perfoliata

A

Causes abscesses and stenosis of caecocolic region in horses

88
Q

Moniezia spp.

89
Q

Tumours/Neoplasm of the Intestinal tract

A

1)Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (sheep) 2)Lymphoma (cats esp.) 3)Leiomyoma (old dogs) 4)Mast cell tumour (cats, dogs) - histamine - stomach ulcers, Zollinger Ellison syndrome

90
Q

Ovine small intestinal adenocarcinoma

A

Nodules on the serosal surface > metastases in liver

Systemic Pathology (14 decks)

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