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Systemic Pathology > YR3 10 CVS HO1 > Flashcards

YR3 10 CVS HO1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the types of myocardial hypertrophy and dilation

A

Left, Right and Bi Ventricular hypertrophy and Bilateral Dilation

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2
Q

Pump failure is due to

A

Weak contractility and impaired empting and filling of chambers

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3
Q

Obstruction of blood flow is due to

A

Valvular stasis, vascular narrowing, systemic or pulmonary hypertension

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4
Q

Regurgitant blood flow is due to

A

Volume overload of chamber behind failing affected valve

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5
Q

Shunted blood flow from congential defects occur in

A

Septal defects and shunts between blood vessels

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6
Q

Rupture of the heart or a major vessels occurs in

A

Cardiac tamponade or massive internal haemorrhaging

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7
Q

Cardiac conduction disorders (arrhythmias) is

A

Failure of synchronized cardiac contraction

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8
Q

Pericardium serous fluid postmortem appearance

A

Blood tinged

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9
Q

Euthanaisa lesson in the endocardium

A

Red-brown staining +/- crystalline pricipitates

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10
Q

Myocardial necrosis

A

Caused by: Focal ischemic necrosis > myocardial infarct

Causes: arrhythmia and death

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11
Q

Toxic myocardial necrosis causes

A

Monensin toxity esp. in horses, gossypol toxicity in pigs, cassia occidentalis or avocado leaves in small ruminants, ractopamine in greyhounds

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12
Q

Myocardium VitE/Selenium deficiency

A

White Muscle Disease - young ruminants, necrosis & mineralisation
Mulberry Heart Disease - young pigs, necrosis and haemorrhage

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13
Q

Repair of necrotic myocardium

A

Inflammation in response to dead tissues - granulation tissue > fibrosis +/- mineralization
Myocardium does not regenerate

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14
Q

Inflammation of the myocardium is

A

Myocarditis

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15
Q

Viral myocarditis e.g.

A

Canine parvovirus myocarditis

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16
Q

Protozoal mycarditis e.g.

A

Neopsora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp.

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17
Q

Granulomatous myocarditis

A

Hairy vetch or citrus pulp toxicity in cattle

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18
Q

Define Cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardial disease of unknown cause

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19
Q

Cardiomyopathy e.g.

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - rare in large animals, in past caused by taurine deficient diet in cats, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Feline endomyocarditis/endocardial fibrosis

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20
Q

Canine dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Strong breed predisposition w/ slight male predominance. Giant breeds esp. Great Danes & Irish Wolfhouds > Histo - attenuated wavy fibers. Large breeds esp. Doberman Pinschers & Boxers > Histo - degeneration and fatty infiltration.
Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy - Boxers > Histo - fatty infiltration of right ventricular wall
Juvenile onset cardiomyopathy - Portugese Water Dogs and Toy Manchester Terrier

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21
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

A

Feline idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Common in all breeds, adult male predisposition.
Thickened interventricular septum & left ventricular free wall, enlarged left atrium. End stage HCM is fibrotic and relatively thin walled but will still weigh more than normal

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22
Q

Feline thyrotoxic cardiomegly

A

Seen in older cats associated with functional adenomatous hyperplasia of thyroid - NOT the same as HCM, which is IDIOPATHIC

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23
Q

Feline endomyocarditis/endocardial fibrosis

A

Idiopathic but infectious suspected. Inflammatory stage in young cats enlarged heart +/- discolouration of aortic outflow tract. Acute - left ventricular haemorrhage and inflammation, Chronic - left ventricular fibrosis (restrictive cardiomyopathy)

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24
Q

Inflammation of the pericaridum is called

A

Pericarditis

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25
Q

Pericarditis e.g.

A

Fibrinosuppurative pericarditis, Canine idiopathic pericarditis/pericardial effusion/haemorrhage, Equine pericarditis

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26
Q

Fibrinosuppurative pericarditis

A

Systemic disease in any species but common in cattle due to traumatic reticulopericarditis aka hardware disease. Bread and butter appearance

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27
Q

Canine idiopathic pericarditis/pericardial effusion/haemorrhage

A

Large breed dogs w/ slow onset but fair prognosis. May predispose to mesothelioma

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28
Q

Equine pericarditis

A

Coincides w/ mare reproductive loss syndrome. Great risk factor is exposure to tent caterpillars

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29
Q

Epicardial haemorrhage

A

May be petechial, ecchymotic or diffuse associated w/ septicaemia, anoxia, endotoxaemia. Very common in horses post mortem

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30
Q

Serous atrophy of epicardial fat

A

Coronary grooves normally contain fat, loss of this fat indicated severe emaciation. Atropied fat is gelantinous and resembles serum hence “serous”

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31
Q

Congestive heart failure causes

A

1)Pulmonary congestion and edema 2)Pulmonary hemosiderosis (brown induration) - esp. w/ heart worms 3)Oedema > Acites in dogs, Pleural effusion (hyrothorax/chylothorax) in cats, Dependant subcutaneous oedema in cattle and horses 4)Chronic passive congestion of liver (nutmeg liver)

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32
Q

Saddle thromboembolus pathogenesis

A

Feline cardiomyopathy (commonly HCM) > turbulence in left atrium > left atrium thrombus forms > embolizes to aortic bi/trifurcation > ischemia and necrosis of hind limbs

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33
Q

Endocardiosis

A

Degenerative change of valves. Common aging chance in dogs, esp. small breeds > congestive heart failure. Gross lesion - smooth white-grey nodules on AV valve esp. left

34
Q

Inflammation of the endocardium

A

Endocarditis, typically bacterial and valvular

35
Q

Endocarditis in Dogs

A

Large breeds >5yrs. Endocardiosis is not a predispoing factor. Left side of heart is mostly affected. Agents - Bortonella (aorta), Streptococcus (mitral valve, polyarthritis, Gram neg (E.coli, Salmonella etc) any valve

36
Q

Endocarditis in Horses

A

Left side most often affected (aortic > mitral)

37
Q

Endocarditis in Ruminants, camelids

A

Righ side most often affected (tricupid > pulmonary)

38
Q

Endocarditis lesion (m&m)

A

Gross - Verrucous rough tan to red material adhered to valves (vegetative)
Histo - Fibrin and bacteria (a septic thrombus)

39
Q

Endocarditis pathogenesis and sequelae

A

Circulation bacteria attach to the valve/damage to endothelium > fibrin and neutrophils form septic thrombus on valve > pieces break off and embolize.
Conseq a)Valvular insufficiency > congestive heart failure b)Septic emboli > multi organ infarcts

40
Q

Valvular cysts

A

Congenital lesion most common in cattle filled with serum or blood

41
Q

Types of AV valvular disease

A

Hematocyst, lymphocyst, calcification, endocardiosis, endocarditis and ruptured chordae tendinae

42
Q

Parasites of the heart

A

Dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis)

43
Q

Dirofilariasis

A

Nematodes found in the pulmonary arteries and right heart. Huge worm load can extend into the vena cava = vena caval syndrome. Pulmonary artery endothelium gets rough. Lungs can be brown due to hemosiderosis

44
Q

Heart Neoplasms

A

Hemangiosarcoma, chemodectoma, lymhoma, mesothelioma

45
Q

Heart hemangiosarcoma

A

Very common in dogs esp. Golden Retriever and German Shepherd. Right atrial appendage is the most common site. Rupture or oozing results in hemopericaridium and cardiac tamponade.

46
Q

Chemodectoma

A

Heart base tumour = aortic body tumour
Most common in dogs (esp. brachycephalic), but seen in cats and cattle. Arise from aortic body (chemoreceptor) bet. the aorta and pulmonary artery

47
Q

Heart lymphoma

A

Myocardial location more common in cattle but also occurs in cats and dogs

48
Q

Mesotheliom

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells which line the serosal surfaces including the pericardium > pericardial effusion

49
Q

Congenital heart anomalies list

A

Failure of closure of atriovenous communication, failure of valve formation, Tetralogy of Fallot, PRAA, Ectopia cordis, Analomous coronary artery

50
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Failure of closure of arteriovenous communication

A

Patent ductus arterious, Atrial Septal defect, Ventricular Septal defect, Atrioventricular canal

51
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

Normally patent in fetus and in foals up to 5days. Persistent patency due to hyoplasia of smooth muscle wall of ductus

52
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

Differentiate from foramen ovale (which has a flap)

53
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

Common in all domestic animals

54
Q

Atrioventricular canal defect

A

Open communitcation between all 4 chambers

55
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Failure of valve formation

A

Pulmonic stenosis, aubaortic stenosis, mitral valve dysplasia, tricupid valve displasia

56
Q

Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

A

Relatively common in dogs. May be subvalvular, valvular or supravalvular. Results in right ventricular hypertrophy DO NOT CONFUSE W/ HCM

57
Q

Subaortic stenosis (SAS)

A

Common in dogs and some strains of pigs. Fibrous tissue below aortic valve. Results in marked left ventricular hypertrophy. Myocardial necrosis and death is common

58
Q

Mital valve dysplasia

A

Common in cats. Thickened, nodular and fused valve leaflets. Results in valvular insufficiency > left ventricular hypertrophy and dilated left atrium

59
Q

Tricuspid valve dysplasia

A

Most common in cats. Thickened, nodular and fused valve leaflets. Results in valvular insufficiency > right ventricular hypertrophy

60
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Tetralogy of Fallot

A

1.Ventricular septal defect 2.Overriding aorta 3.Pulmonic stenosis 4.Right ventricular hypertrophy

61
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

Common in dogs esp. German Shepherds. Caused when the aorta formed from the right arch instead of the left hence how the aorta is on the right. To connect the aorta w/ the pulmonary artery, the ductus arteriosus must pass dorsally over the oesophagus and trachea, all this constricts the oesophagus

62
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Ectopia cordis

A

Heart located anywhere but the chest

63
Q

Congenital heart anomalies - Anomalous coronary arteries

A

Seen in calves can result in ischemic myocardial necrosis

64
Q

Disorders of the blood vessels

A

Inflammation, Arteriosclerosis and Aortic rupture

65
Q

Inflammation of vessels is

A

Vasculitis; not common

66
Q

Fibrinoid vasculitis

A

Necrotic smooth muscle replaced by fibrin causes include viruses, bacteria, endotoxin, type III hypersensitivity and uremia

67
Q

Fibrinoid vasculitis disease e.g.

A

Mulberry heart disease

68
Q

Inflammation of the arteries

A

Arteristis

69
Q

Arteritis e.g.

A

Canine meningeal polyarteritis, verminous arteritis

70
Q

Canine meningeal polyarteritis

A

Beagle Pain Syndrome - most common in 6-9mth old lab beagles but other breeds affected. Present with fever, depression and neck pain. Severe necrotizing arteritis of meningeal vessels

71
Q

Verminous artertitis

A

Weaking of the vessel wall by larvae and inflammation. Occurs in the cranial mesenteric artery and less commonly in the aorta.

1) Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration in horses
2) Thrombosis of cranial mesenteric artery results in ischemia of intestions > colic
3) Aneurysm can develop

72
Q

Inflammation of veins

A

Phlebitis

73
Q

Phlebitis e.g.

A

Omphalophlebitis - inflammation of the umbilical vein and Latrogenic phlebitis - due to traumatic venipuncture

74
Q

Thickening or harding of arteries is called

A

Arteriosclerosis

75
Q

Arteriosclerosis e.g.

A

Fibrosis & mineralization and artherosclerosis

76
Q

Fibrosis and Mineralization of arteries

A

Common aging change in dogs of the caudal abdominal aorta. Prediposes to aortic thrombosis

77
Q

Artherosclerosis of arteries

A

Intramural depostion of lipid. Occasionaly seen in diabetic and hypothyroid dogs

78
Q

Aortic rupture

A

Most often due to trauma. Uncommon in animals but most often on horses during racing

79
Q

Neoplasms of vacular origin

A

Hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma

80
Q

Vascular Hemangioma

A

Benign tumour of endothelial cells. Dermal - sometimes accoicated w/ sun exposure, Subcutaneous - common bening tumour in dogs

81
Q

Vascular Hemangiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of endotheil cells. Most common in Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds. Primary sites - spleen, right atrium, liver. Metastic sites - lungs, liver, kidney, brain, speel, right atrium

82
Q

Vascular Lymphangiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of lymphatic endothelial cells. Cats - caudal ventral abdominal subcutis > poor prognosis. Rare in other species

Systemic Pathology (14 decks)

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