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Systemic Pathology > YR3 7 AS HO2 - OesoStom > Flashcards

YR3 7 AS HO2 - OesoStom Flashcards

1
Q

List some lesions of the oesophagus

A

Atresia, hyperkeratosis, stenosis, obstruction and dilation, neoplastic, parasites, achalasia

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2
Q

Define Oesophagus Atresia

A

No lumen in oesophagus

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3
Q

Oesophagus Hyperkeratosis causes

A

Vitamin A deficiency, chlorinated naphthalene (naph-tha-lene) poisoning

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4
Q

Oesophagus Stenosis causes

A

Scar, external pressure, persistent right 4th aortic arch, diaphragmatic hernia

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5
Q

Oesophagus Obstruction causes

A

Stenosis, foreign body, bloat, intussusception

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6
Q

Oesophagus Dilation causes

A

Secondary to stenosis (Spirocerca granuloma), achalasia (a.cha.la.sia), mega-oesophagus - congenital, Trypanosoma cruzi

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7
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception definition

A

Invagination of all or parts of the stomach into the thoracic oesophagus, possible spleen and pancreas too

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8
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception occurs in which animals

A

Large breed dogs esp. German Shepards, <3mths

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9
Q

What are the effects of Gastro-oesophageal intussusception

A

Acute regurgitation, dyspnoea, haematemesis, shock and death

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10
Q

List some neoplastic lesions of the oesophagus

A

Warts (dog, cattle), SCC in cats, spirocercosis

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11
Q

List some parasites of the oesophagus

A

Warbles, Gasterophilus in horses, Sarcocystis gigantea (sheep), Spirocerca lupi (dogs)

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12
Q

Achalasia definition

A

Failure of peristaltic wave

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13
Q

Oesophagitis causes

A

Viral, Bacterial and Mycotic

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14
Q

What are the viral agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Papular stomatitis, BVD, MCF, MD, rinderpest

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15
Q

What are the bacterial agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Necrobacillosis

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16
Q

What are the mycotic agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Thrush

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17
Q

List of foreign bodies/substances in the Forestomach

A

Trichobezoars (hair balls), phytobezoars (plant balls), lead, mercury droplets, toxic plant leaves, plastic drench ‘cartridges’, plastic bags, ropes

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18
Q

What are the possible sources of lead poisoning

A

Paint flakes, old batteries and sinkers

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19
Q

Bezoars definition

A

Mass of foreign material trapped in the digestive system

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20
Q

Rumen tympani is also referred to as what

A

Bloat

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21
Q

There are two primary causes of bloat

A

Primary and secondary

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22
Q

What is primary bloat

A

Frothy caused by grazing legumes > protein fermentation > foam produced

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23
Q

What is secondary bloat

A

Free gas due obstruction or vagal nerve damage

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24
Q

Rumenitis definition

A

Inflammation of the Rumen

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25
Q

Rumenitis is synonymous for

A

Lactic (rumen) acidosis < Grain Overload

26
Q

What causes grain overload

A

1)high intake of easy digestible carbohydrates 2)increase in VFA and D-lactic acid 3)Rumen pH < 5 4)Rumen protozoa die off 5)Acidosis, osmotic effect causing dehydration 6)increased contents, fermenting, acid smell

27
Q

Rumen Necrobacillosis is caused by

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes invades the rumen wall and spread to liver and cause abscesses > invade caudal vena cava to cause thrombosis > emboli spread to the lungs > pulmonary embolic aneurysm (PEA)

28
Q

Mycotic Rumenitis is caused by

A

Zygomycete fungi invade blood vessels causing infarcts

29
Q

Sequelae of Rumen Acidosis

A

1)Frothy bloat 2)Ruminal necrobacillosis 3)Mycotic infarction 4)Liver abscesses 5)caudal vena cava thrombosis 6)PEA 7)Abomasal ulcers 8)Polioencephalomalacia 9)Laminitis

30
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis is also called

A

Hardware disease - ingestion of nails and wire

31
Q

What complications can occur from traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Fibrinous pericarditis (bread&butter heart), Rupture of forestomach/heart, brisket oedema, pulmonary oedema, ascites, vagal paralysis

32
Q

What are some viral infections of forestomachs

A

IBR, MCF, BVD/MD, Papilloma, Parapox

33
Q

What is a parasite of the rumen

A

Calicophoron calicophorum - paramphistomes (conical fluke)

34
Q

Rumen poisoning

A

Heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, mercury), prussic acid (HCN, Urea, Numerous plants

35
Q

What are some things that causes the stomach/abomasum to change positions

A

Diaphragmatic hernia, dilation, volvulus, abomasal displacement to the left

36
Q

Gastric rupture can cause what in horses

A

Colic

37
Q

What are some causes of circulatory disturbances in the stomach

A

Hyperaemia, Infarction, Haemorrhage, oedema

38
Q

Circulatory disturbances - Hyperaemia, two types

A

Active and passive

39
Q

Circulatory disturbances - Gastric infarction in pigs causes

A

Salmonella, E.coli, erysipelas, European swine fever, swine dysentery

40
Q

Circulatory disturbances - Haemorrhage causes

A

Uraemia in dogs, gastric ulcers in cattle & pigs, cats and aspirin, haemonchus in sheep

41
Q

Circulatory disturbances - Oedema causes

A

Oedema disease in pigs, cachexia, parasites, arsenic poisoning, MCF in cattle

42
Q

Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (steer)

A

Ostertagia & Fusobacterium

43
Q

Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (calf)

A

Arsenic poisoning, fusobacterium

44
Q

Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (sheep)

A

Salmonellosis, Braxy due to Clostridium septicum, frozen feed - exotoxin

45
Q

Gastric/Abomasal mucosal protective mechanisms

A

1)Bicarbonate covered mucus layer 2)Prostaglandins - stimulate bicarbonate, mucus secretion & blood flow

46
Q

Gastric/Abomasal ulceration is caused by

A

1) NSAIDs e.g. aspirin - inhibit prostaglandin synthesis 2) Glucocorticoids & Stress - decrease epithelial turnover and arachidonic acid availability 3)Reduced mucosal perfusion (ischemia) - infarction, hypotension

47
Q

Gastric/Abomasal ulceration effects

A

Arises due to effects of gastric acid and pepsin. Small ulcers may granulate and heal but large ulcers my bleed > melaena & haematemesis. Ulcers may become secondarily infected esp. by fungi. Ulcers my perforate > peritonitis

48
Q

Abomasal ulcers in cattle is caused by

A

1)Excessive roughage in young calves 2)Secondary to atony 3)Lymphoma 4)BVD/MD, MFC & FMD

49
Q

Ulceration of the pars oesophagus in young pigs is caused by

A

Feeding finely ground rations or high copper, excessive whey and starch, low protein and/or unsaturated fatty acid in diet

50
Q

What is the consiquence of ulceration of pars oesophagea in young pigs

A

Fissures from in the parakeratotic epithelium, which become complicated by Candida, may lead to fatal gastrorrhagia

51
Q

Ulceration in the fundus of older pigs cab be caused by

A

Hyostrongylus rubidus and can be fatal

52
Q

Parasitic diseases of the stomach - horses

A

1)Gasterophilus larvae 2)Draschia (Habronema) megastoma 3)Trichostrongylus axei

53
Q

Parasitic diseases of the stomach - pigs

A

Hyostrongylus rubidus

54
Q

Parasitic disease of the stomach - sheep

A

1)Haemonchus - causes anaemia 2)Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae - Morocco leather look

55
Q

Abomasal parasites of ruminants

A

1)Haemonchus contortus & H. placei - cause anaemia & bottle jaw 2)Ostertagia / Teladorsagia spp. - cause diarrhoea, bottle jaw, raised pepsinogen levels 3)Trichostrongylus axei - cause diarrhoea & bottle jaw

56
Q

Feline stomach parasite

A

Ollulanus tricuspis

57
Q

Neoplasms of the stomach - Cats

A

Gastric lymphoma

58
Q

Neoplasms of the stomach - Dog

A

Gastric carcinoma

59
Q

Neoplasms of the stomach - Horse

A

SCC

60
Q

Gastric / Abomasal Malignant Neoplasm

A

Lymphoma or carcinoma

61
Q

Gastric / Abomasal Benign Neoplasm

A

Adenoma, Leiomyoma (older dogs)

Systemic Pathology (14 decks)

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