YR12 - chapter 6 sleep

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

the level of awareness an individual has of their thoughts, feelings, perceptions,
and existence

Question 2

psychological construct

Answer 2

an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or observed

Question 3

normal waking consciousness

Answer 3

a state of consciousness in which an individual is awake and aware

Question 4

altered state of consciousness

Answer 4

a state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness in terms of quality of experience and levels of awareness

Question 5

Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness

Answer 5

a type
of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention

Question 6

Induced altered states
of consciousness

Answer 6

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs due to a purposeful
action or aid

Question 7

consciousness continuum

Answer 7

a visual representation
of the different states
of consciousness that progress from lower levels of awareness to higher levels of awareness

Question 8

sleep

Answer 8

a regular and naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that involves a loss
of awareness and disengagement
with internal and
external stimuli

Question 9

rem sleep

Answer 9

a type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, and low levels of physical activity

Question 10

nrem sleep

Answer 10

a type of sleep characterised
by a lack of rapid eye movement and is subdivided into three different stages

Question 11

sleep episode

Answer 11

the full duration of time spent asleep

Question 12

sleep cycle

Answer 12

an approximately 90-minute-period that repeats during a sleep episode in which an individual progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep

Question 13

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 13

a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the brain

Question 14

Electromyograph (EMG)

Answer 14

a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the
body’s muscles

Question 15

Electro-oculograph (EOG)

Answer 15

a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the muscles responsible for eye movement

Question 16

sleep diaries

Answer 16

a record containing self-reported descriptions from
an individual about
their sleeping periods, including an estimated time spent sleeping and judgements they might have about the quality and nature of sleep

Question 17

video monitoring

Answer 17

the use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual as they sleep

Question 18

biological rhythms

Answer 18

repeated biological processes that are regulated by
internal mechanisms

Question 19

Circadian rhythms

Answer 19

biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours

Question 20

sleep wake cycle

Answer 20

a 24-hour-cycle that is made up of time spent sleeping and time spent awake and alert

Question 21

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 21

biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours

Question 22

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 22

an area of the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating an individual’s sleep-wake patterns

Question 23

Pineal gland

Answer 23

a gland in the brain responsible for the production and release of melatonin

Question 24

melatonin

Answer 24

a hormone released by the pineal gland typically at night-time to induce sleep as part of the sleep- wake cycle

Question 25

scn process

Answer 25

1. The SCN receives external cues. The SCN also receives internal cues.
2. After receiving both internal and external cues, the SCN sends neural messages (signals) to the pineal gland to produce and release melatonin.
3. The pineal gland releases melatonin into the bloodstream, which promotes feelings of calm and relaxation, therefore promoting sleep.

Question 26

cortisol

Answer 26

a hormone that is responsible for increasing alertness and maintaining heightened arousal

Question 27

neonatal period (1-15 days)

Answer 27

• During this period, sleep duration is the highest it will ever be in the lifespan. New-born babies sleep for approximately 16 hours.
• Approximately 50% of the sleep episode is REM sleep and approximately 50% is NREM sleep.

need 14-17, get 16-18hours

Question 28

infancy (3-24 months)

Answer 28

Sleep duration decreases to approximately 13.5 hours.
* The proportion of REM and NREM sleep also changes to
approximately 35% REM sleep and approximately 65% NREM sleep.

need 12-15hrs, get 13.5hrs

Question 29

childhood (2-14 yrs)

Answer 29

Sleep duration decreases again to approximately 11 hours.
* The proportion of NREM sleep increases slightly to around 80%
of the sleep episode, while REM sleep decreases to approximately
20% of the sleep episode.
* As the childhood period is a significant amount of time, there are
slight variations across this period. For example, sleep duration starts at around 12 hours when children are about two years old, and decreases to around 10 hours when children are about 14 years old. REM sleep also starts at around 25% of the sleep episode and decreases to around 18.5% of the sleep episode.

need 10-14 hours, get 11hrs

Question 30

adolescence (14-18yrs)

Answer 30

Sleep duration decreases again to approximately 9 hours.
* The proportion of REM and NREM sleep remains fairly constant
at 20% REM and 80% NREM sleep.
* Adolescents also experience a biological delayed sleep onset by
1–2 hours, meaning they are more likely to become sleepier later and wake up later.

need 8-10hrs, get 9hours

Question 31

young adulthood (18-30yrs)

Answer 31

• Sleep duration decreases again to approximately 7.75 hours.
• The proportion of REM and NREM sleep remains fairly constant at 20% REM and 80% NREM sleep.

need 7-9hrs, get 7.75hours

Question 32

middle adulthood (30-75yrs)

Answer 32

• Sleep duration remains at approximately 7–8 hours.
• The proportion of REM and NREM sleep remains fairly constant at 20% REM and 80% NREM sleep.

need 7-9hours, get 7-8 hours

Question 33

old age (75+yrs)

Answer 33

• Sleep duration continues to decrease to approximately 6 hours.
• The proportion of REM and NREM sleep remains fairly constant
  at 20% REM and 80% NREM sleep.
• Older adults tend to experience advanced sleep phase syndrome,
  which is a biological shift forward in their sleep-wake cycle, meaning they become sleepier earlier and wake up earlier.

need 7-8hrs, get 6hrs