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Psychology > YR12 - Chapter 1 KSS > Flashcards

YR12 - Chapter 1 KSS Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of human mental states and behaviour

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2
Q

Science

A

a field and practice that obtains knowledge and generates theories through observation and experiment

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3
Q

Empirical evidence

A

information obtained through direct and systematic observation or experimentation

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4
Q

Non-science

A

ideas formed without empirical evidence or the use of scientific methods or principles

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5
Q

Pseudo science

A

beliefs, theories, and practices that are mistakenly regarded as, or claim to be scientific, but are not because they do not use the methods of science

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6
Q

The scientific method

A

a procedure used to obtain knowledge that involves hypothesis formulation, testing, and retesting through processes
of experimentation, observation, measurement, and recording

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7
Q

Model

A

a representation of a concept, process,
or behaviour, often made to simplify or make something easier to understand

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8
Q

Theory

A

a proposition or set of principles that is used to explain something or make predictions about relationships between concepts

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9
Q

Aim

A

a statement outlining the purpose of an investigation

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about
the outcome of an investigation (IPAD)

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11
Q

Variable

A

a condition
or component of an experiment that can be measured or manipulated

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12
Q

Population

A

the group of people
who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

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13
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the research population who participate in a study

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14
Q

IV

A

the variable for which quantities are manipulated (controlled, selected,
or changed) by the researcher, and the variable that is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable

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15
Q

DV

A

the variable the researcher measures in an experiment for changes it may experience due to the effect of the independent variable

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16
Q

Controlled variables

A

variables other than the IV that a researcher holds constant (controls) in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IV

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17
Q

Controlled experiment

A

a type of investigation
in which the causal relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment; more specifically, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is tested while aiming to control all other variables

pros - infer causal relationships, high level of control

cons - might not be real world settings

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18
Q

Investigation methodologies (also known as research methodologies)

A

any of the different processes, techniques and/or types of studies researchers use to obtain information about psychological phenomena

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19
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon (activity, behaviour, event, or problem) that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

pros - highly detailed

cons - time consuming, not generalisable

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20
Q

Correlational study

A

a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

pros - no manipulation required

cons - cannot draw conclusions, subject to extraneous variables

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21
Q

Classification

A

the arrangement of phenomena, objects, or events into manageable sets

pros - common language to simplify

cons- might oversimplify

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22
Q

Identification

A

a process of recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of
a new or unique set

pros - common language to simplify

cons- might oversimplify

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23
Q

Fieldwork

A

any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real- world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory

pros - naturalistic settings, rich detailed data

cons - time-consuming, no conclusions

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24
Q

Literature review

A

the process of collating and analysing secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings and/or viewpoints in order to answer a question or provide background information to help explain observed events, or as preparation for an investigation to generate primary data

pros - provides background info

cons - time consuming, might not be available

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25
Q

Modelling

A

the construction and/or manipulation of either a physical model, such as
a small- or large-scale representation of an object, or a conceptual model that represents a system involving concepts that help people know, understand, or simulate the system

pros - provide explanatory tools, simplify

cons - might oversimplify

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26
Q

Product, process, or system development

A

the design or evaluation
of an artefact, process, or system to meet a human need, which may involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures

pros - might meed a human need

cons - time consuming and expensive

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27
Q

Simulation

A

a process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system

pros - provides insight into micro-details

cons - time consuming and expensive

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28
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of participants in an experiment who are exposed to a manipulated independent variable
(i.e. a specific intervention or treatment)

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29
Q

Control group

A

the group of participants in an experiment who receive no experimental treatment or intervention in order
to serve as a baseline for comparison

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30
Q

Within subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

pros - require less participants

cons - order effects

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31
Q

Between subjects design

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

pros -no order effects

cons - participant differences

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32
Q

Mixed design

A

an experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs

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33
Q

Generalisable

A

the ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population

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34
Q

Sampling technique

A

the way a sample is selected from the population for a study

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35
Q

Convenience sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population, rather than using a random or systematic approach

pros - convenient, easy

cons - might not be representative

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36
Q

Random sampling

A

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected

pros - representative

cons - not representative

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37
Q

Stratified sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample

pros - representative

cons - time consuming

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38
Q

Allocation

A

the process of assigning participants to experimental conditions or groups

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39
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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40
Q

Confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

41
Q

Participant related variable

A

characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results

42
Q

order effects

A

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour

43
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance or treatment

44
Q

placebo effect

A

when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations
or beliefs

45
Q

Experimenter effect/bias

A

when the expectations of the researcher affect the results of an experiment

46
Q

Situational variables

A

any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable

47
Q

Non-standardised instructions and procedures

A

when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions

48
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues in an experiment that may signal to a participant the intention of the
study and influence their behaviour

49
Q

Counterbalancing

A

a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

50
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to

51
Q

Double blind procedures

A

a procedure in which both participants and the experimenter do not know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to

52
Q

data

A

information used as part of or generated by an investigation

53
Q

Primary data

A

data collected first-hand by a researcher

54
Q

Secondary data

A

data sourced from others’ prior research

55
Q

Quantitative data

A

data that is expressed numerically

56
Q

Qualitative data

A

data that is expressed non-numerically

57
Q

objective data

A

factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion

58
Q

subjective data

A

data that is informed by personal opinion, perception, or interpretation

59
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

statistics that summarise, organise, and describe data

60
Q

Percentages

A

(given number / total number) *100

61
Q

Percentage change

A

(old number - new number / old number) * 100

62
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

descriptive statistics that summarise a data set by describing the centre of the distribution of the data set with a single value

63
Q

Mean

A

a measure of central tendency that
describes the numerical average of a data set, expressed as a single value

64
Q

Median

A

a measure of central tendency that is the middle value in a data set ordered from lowest to highest

65
Q

Mode

A

a measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring value in a data set

66
Q

Outlier

A

a value that differs significantly from other values in a data set

67
Q

Measures of variability

A

statistics that summarise and describe the spread and distribution of a data set

68
Q

Range

A

a measure of variability that is a value obtained by subtracting the lowest value in a data set from the highest value

69
Q

Standard deviation

A

a measure of variability, expressed as a value that describes the spread of data around the mean

70
Q

Table

A

a presentation of data arranged into columns and rows

71
Q

Bar chart

A

a graph displaying the relationship between at least two variables using rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values they represent

72
Q

Line graph

A

a graph displaying the relationship between at least two variables using a straight line to connect data points

73
Q

Accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

74
Q

true value

A

the value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured

75
Q

Precision

A

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

76
Q

Systematic errors

A

errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount

77
Q

Random errors

A

errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance

78
Q

Uncertainty

A

the lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge

79
Q

Repeatability

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time

(e.g. same procedure, observer, instrument, instructions, and setting)

80
Q

Reproducability

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions

(e.g. different participants, time, observer, and/or environmental conditions)

81
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which psychological tools and investigations truly support their findings or conclusions

82
Q

Internal validity

A

the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to

83
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

84
Q

Conclusion

A

a statement that summarises the findings of a study, including whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected

85
Q

Ethical concepts

A

the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research, practising psychology, or when analysing a psychological issue
or debate

86
Q

Beneficience

A

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action

87
Q

Integrity

A

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, and the honest reporting
of all sources of information and results, whether favourable or unfavourable, in ways that permit scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge and understanding

88
Q

Justice

A

the moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action

89
Q

Non-maleficence

A

the principle of avoiding causing harm

90
Q

Respect

A

the consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/or instrumental value; giving due regard to the welfare, liberty
and autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective; consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decisions; and when living things have diminished capacity to make their own decisions, ensuring that they are empowered where possible and protected as necessary

91
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

the procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected

92
Q

Confidentiality

A

the privacy, protection and security of a participant’s personal information in terms of personal details and the anonymity of individual results, including the removal of identifying elements

93
Q

Informed consent

A

processes that ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential
risks (both physical and psychological), before agreeing to participate
in the study

94
Q

Deception

A

the act of intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of a study or procedure

95
Q

Debriefing

A

a procedure that ensures that, at the end of the experiment, the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions

96
Q

Voluntary participation

A

a principle that ensures there is no coercion or pressure put on the participant to partake in an experiment, and they freely choose to be involved

97
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

the right of participants to be able to discontinue their involvement in
an experiment at any time during, or after the conclusion of, an experiment without penalty

98
Q

Ethical factors

A
  • Sociocultural factors
  • Economic factors
  • Legal factors
  • Political factors

Psychology (16 decks)

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