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Politics > YR 2 - core ideology: LIBERALISM > Flashcards

YR 2 - core ideology: LIBERALISM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the period of time called officially where liberalism arose ?

A

the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

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2
Q

What was happening at the time when classical liberalism arose?

A

1640s English civil wars.
divine right of kings tradition
King Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell

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3
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he say regarding the English civil wars (1640s)?

A

17th century philosopher
-he said to imagine the natural state of humans, it would’ve been nasty short & brutish. Therefore governments naturally arose from this state of war. The people should obey authority to avoid chaos + bloodshed

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4
Q

Who reacted against Thomas Hobbes?

A

John Locke

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5
Q

What was John Locke’s key book called?

A

Two Treatises of Government (1690)

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6
Q

What did Locke say about the natural state of humans and liberty?

A

-humans are naturally rational, self seeking + independent. not naturally under the authority of anyone else.
-the natural state was a state of peace

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7
Q

What tradition / religious belief did John Locke directly oppose?

A

the divine right of kings

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8
Q

How does Locke believe government came about / for what purpose?

A

humans were perfectly free + selfish in the state of nature, thus there would be clashes of interest. Government is a creation of humans used to be a neutral umpire to resolve clashes, and protect our natural rights

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9
Q

What is John Locke’s social contract theory?

A

there is a ‘contract’ between the state + the individual, where the individual agrees to the state, so is obliged to obey its laws + in return the state protects their natural rights.

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10
Q

In what case does John Locke argue it is justified for the people to overthrow their government?

A

When the state beaks the contract by not protecting + enhancing natural rights, the people can withdraw their consent and replace the government.

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11
Q

What did Locke mean when he said the state must be a fiduciary power?

A

the state holds its power in the people’s TRUST and thus must act in the interests of the people

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12
Q

What did John Locke say are individuals’ 3 key rights?

A

LIFE, LIBERTY , PROPERTY

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13
Q

What 2 types of liberals are there?

A

classical + modern

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14
Q

What are the 2 foundational beliefs of liberalism ?

A

INDIVIDUALISM + LIBERTY / FREEDOM

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15
Q

What economic system do all liberals prefer and why?

A

CAPITALISM - has individuality and private property at its heart.

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16
Q

What type of individualism do classical liberals believe in and what is it?

A

EGOISTICAL INDIVIDUALISM - humans are naturally SELF-SEEKING, RATIONAL + INDEPENDENT.

17
Q

What type of individualism do modern liberals believe in and what is it?

A

DEVELOPMENTAL INDIVIDUALISM - focuses on personal growth + flourishing rather than just self - satisfaction. The individual can BECOME rather than what they ARE

18
Q

What type of liberty do classical liberals believe in and what is it?

A

NEGATIVGE LIBERTY - absence of restraint, leaving the individual free to pursue their own view of the good life + the state can only legitimately intervene to prevent harm to other. the freedom FROM…

19
Q

What type of liberty do modern liberals believe in and what is it?

A

POSITIVE LIBERTY - the freedom TO rather than the freedom FROM… the individual is free to develop, flourish + pursue their own version of the good life.

20
Q

Who is J.S Mill ?

A

bridge between classical and modern liberalism

21
Q

What is J.S Mill’s book called?

A

On Liberty

22
Q

Summarise J S Mill’s Harm Principle.

A

only laws that are other - regarding + harmful can be passed.

23
Q

What did J.S Mill say about individuality?

A

life is about progress and achieving + exploring our own individuality

24
Q

What type of state do classical liberals like John Locke want ?

A

-minimal, ‘nightwatchman’ state. limited by constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances

25
Q

What type of state do modern liberals want ?

A

-large, enabling state. intervene to protect freedom and individualism, help improve our lives

26
Q

What type of economy / capitalism do classical liberals want ?

A

Free market capitalism / Laissez Faire capitalism. Low state intervention. Low taxation and regulation. The market is at its best when it is left alone.

27
Q

What type of economy / capitalism do modern liberals want ?

A

Keynesianism style capitalism. Huge government spending when the economy crashes to rebalance it. inspired by John Maynard Keynes

28
Q

What do classical liberals think about the welfare state?

A

it shouldn’t exist. it encourages idleness and dependency. property shouldn’t be taxed for others because liberty + property are natural rights.

29
Q

what do modern liberals think about the welfare state?

A

have a great desire for it - people need housing, healthcare and education and no poverty which welfare state helps with. allows us to develop and flourish. inspired by John Rawls

30
Q

What is John Rawls book called ?

A

A Theory of Justice (1970s)

31
Q

What concepts did John Rawls come up with?

A
  • the original position + veil of ignorance
    -he asks, if you were going to enter a world where you could be born into any circumstances, what type of world would you design. presumably a fair one - ‘justice as fairness’. modern liberals inspired by this
32
Q

what type of equality do classical liberals believe in?

A

foundational + legal equality

33
Q

what type of equality do modern liberals believe in?

A

foundational + legal equality AND equality of opportunity

33
Q

Who famously commented on the equality of opportunity concept?

A

Betty Friedan - ‘the problem with no name’. Middle class women were unhappy with their rights being more equal because they still lacked equality of opportunity.

34
Q

Who was the first classical liberal to focus on women’s rights? what did she say?

A

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT - she said women are also rational therefore deserve foundational + legal equality. need right to education, property , divorce etc

35
Q

who are the 5 key thinkers for liberalism?

A

-John Locke
-Mary Wollstonecraft
-John Stuart Mill
-John Rawls
-Betty Friedan

36
Q

who are other thinkers that aren’t key but relevant to liberalism? name at least 2

A

-Thomas Hobbes
-Adam Smith
-John Maynard Keynes

37
Q

What do ALL liberals agree on ?

A

-oppose divine right of kings tradition
- believe in individualism + liberty as core beliefs
- prefer capitalism over any other economic system

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