You are what you eat Block 3 week 3 Flashcards
Chlorpromazine
- antipsychotic that can be used to treat anxiety, mania, psychosis and schrizophenia
Contraindications:
- Chlorpromazine should be avoided in patients with hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma, myasthenia gravis and prostate hypertrophy. It should be avoided in patients known to be hypersensitive to phenothiazines
side effects:
- agitation
- dizziness
Cyclizine ?
- anti - sickness medication
Side effects:
- feeling drowsy
- dry mouth
- blurred vision
- headaches
- constipation
- antiemetic
Mechanism: Cyclizine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist
Cinnarizine
- antihistamine
side effects:
- feeling drowsy
- feeling sick
Ondansetron ?
Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
Antiemetic is a group of drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting
Asprin ?
- is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.
Ibuprofen ?
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation
Omeprazole
- proton pump inhibitor
Is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk
Cimetidine
- Cimetidine belongs to a class of drugs commonly called H2 blockers.
-Is a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production.
- It is mainly used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers (stomach ulcers)
Ranitidine
Ranitidine is not currently available in the UK or globally. It has been discontinued as a precaution because it may contain a small amount of an impurity that has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in animals
- Ranitidine is a medicine that reduces the amount of acid your stomach makes. It was used for indigestion, heartburn and acid reflux, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD – this is when you keep getting acid reflux), and to prevent and treat stomach ulcers.
Gaviscon
Gaviscon can be used to treat heartburn (acid reflux) and indigestion.
The medicine works by forming a protective layer that floats on top of the contents of your stomach. This stops stomach acid escaping up into your food pipe. Gaviscon also contains an antacid that neutralises excess stomach acid and reduces pain and discomfort.
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. These include middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections among others. It is taken by mouth, or less commonly by injection. Common adverse effects include nausea and rash.
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin, sold under the brand name Biaxin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. This includes strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, H. pylori infection, and Lyme disease, among others. Clarithromycin can be taken by mouth as a pill or liquid
Metronidazole
Metronidazole, sold under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vaginosis. It is effective for dracunculiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis
Hyoscine butylbromide
- Buscopan relieves painful stomach cramps, including those linked with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- Hyoscine butylbromide, also known as scopolamine butylbromide and sold under the brandname Buscopan among others, is an anticholinergic medication used to treat crampy abdominal pain, esophageal spasms, renal colic, and bladder spasms. It is also used to improve respiratory secretions at the end of life
- Buscopan relieves painful stomach cramps, including those linked with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It can also help bladder cramps and period pain. Buscopan contains the active ingredient hyoscine butylbromide
- anticholinergic medication
- Buscopan relieves painful stomach cramps, including those linked with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
It can also help bladder cramps and period pain.
Buscopan contains the active ingredient hyoscine butylbromide.
It’s not the same as hyoscine hydrobromide, which is a different medicine taken to prevent motion sickness.
Buscopan comes as tablets and is available on prescription. Buscopan also comes as 2 different products that you can buy from a pharmacy or shop:
Buscopan Cramps
Buscopan IBS Relief
It can also be given by injection, but this is usually only done in hospital.
Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels. For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line treatment. It is taken by mouth.
- treats high blood cholesterol
- Statins work by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver and helping the liver remove cholesterol that is already in the blood.
Bezafibrate
- Bezafibrate is a fibrate drug used as a lipid-lowering agent to treat hyperlipidaemia.
It helps to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood, and increase HDL.
What are proton pump inhibitors ?
Proton-pump inhibitors are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach’s H⁺/K⁺ ATPase proton pump. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
The liver ?
- Subphrenic recess
- Hepatorenal recess
- Hepatorenal pouch
Liver:
- Positioned in the right hypochondrium
- Tail goes into the epigastric region
the abdominal region(s) occupied by the liver
the falciform ligament and ligamentum teres of the liver
the subphrenic (suprahepatic) spaces
the hepatorenal pouch (of Morrison)
the lesser omentum and the omental foramen (of Winslow) posterior to it
the superior and inferior layers of the right and left coronary ligaments
the right and left triangular ligaments
the bare area
the groove for the ductus venosus
the inferior vena cava (IVC) embedded in the liver
the three hepatic veins draining into the IVC
the fundus, body and neck of the gall bladder
the right, left, caudate and quadrate anatomical lobes
the right and left functional lobes of the liver
the rounded right costal surface and the sharp inferior and left borders of the liver
the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the liver
the porta hepatis
the right, left and common hepatic ducts, the cystic duct and the common bile duct
the common, proper, right and left hepatic arteries
the hepatic portal vein
How is the liver attached to the stomach and duodenum ?
The lesser omentum, also called the small omentum or gastrohepatic omentum, is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first part of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
Where does blood go after the liver ?
- All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs into forms that are easier to use for the rest of the body or that are nontoxic.
-Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins. This blood is a mixture of blood from the hepatic artery and from the portal vein. The hepatic veins carry blood to the inferior vena cava—the largest vein in the body—which then carries blood from the abdomen and lower parts of the body to the right side of the heart.
Three hepatic veins draining into the inferior vena cava:
-Right hepatic vein
- Left hepatic vein
- Middle hepatic vein
- The ligamentum venosum, also known as Arantius’ ligament, is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation
-The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and is essential for normal fetal circulation
just under the pancreas is the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein
Biliary tree ?
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
The bile travels from the cystic duct, down the common bile duct. Pancreatic juices come from the pancreas via the pancreatic duct. Where these meet is called the Ampulla of Vater. The Hepato- pancreatic sphincter controls contraction and when bile and pancreatic juices are released.
The Major Duodenal papilla differentiates where the foregut ends and midgut begins.
Gall bladder:
-The liver produces approx. 500-600 ml of bile every day
-Dark green, yellowish, brown fluid
-Bile is slightly alkaline
-Main functions of bile:
-Emulsify lipids in from our food
-Neutralises stomach pH
-Excretes waste products from liver to faeces (e.g. bilirubin)
Describe how does bile goes from the liver to the small intestines?
Bile is initially secreted from hepatocytes and drains from both lobes of the liver via canaliculi, intralobular ducts and collecting ducts into the left and right hepatic ducts. These ducts amalgamate to form the common hepatic duct, which runs alongside the hepatic vein.
As the common hepatic duct descends, it is joined by the cystic duct – which allows bile to flow in and out of the gallbladder for storage and release. At this point, the common hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form the common bile duct.
The common bile duct descends and passes posteriorly to the first part of the duodenum and head of the pancreas. Here, it is joined by the main pancreatic duct, forming the hepatopancreatic ampulla (commonly known as the ampulla of Vater)
the common, proper, right and left hepatic arteries
Pancreas structure
- The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.
- It is surrounded by other organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen.
- The wide part, called the head of the pancreas, is positioned toward the center of the abdomen. The head of the pancreas is located at the juncture where the stomach meets the first part of the small intestine.
- Several major blood vessels surround the pancreas, the superior mesenteric artery, the superior mesenteric vein, the portal vein and the celiac axis, supplying blood to the pancreas and other abdominal organs.
- Several major blood vessels surround the pancreas, the superior mesenteric artery, the superior mesenteric vein, the portal vein and the celiac axis, supplying blood to the pancreas and other abdominal organs.
Function of the pancreas ?
Exocrine Function:
The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produce enzymes important to digestion. These enzymes include trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats. When food enters the stomach, these pancreatic juices are released into a system of ducts that culminate in the main pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater which is located at the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum. The common bile duct originates in the liver and the gallbladder and produces another important digestive juice called bile. The pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Endocrine Function:
The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells (islets of Langerhans) that create and release important hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys.
Describe the function of the kidneys ?
Kidneys function: The kidneys’ job is to filter your blood. They remove wastes, control the body’s fluid balance, and keep the right levels of electrolytes. All of the blood in your body passes through them about 40 times a day.
Blood comes into the kidney, waste gets removed, and salt, water, and minerals are adjusted, if needed. The filtered blood goes back into the body. Waste gets turned into urine, which collects in the kidney’s pelvis – a funnel-shaped structure that drains down a tube called the ureter to the bladder.
Located in the posterior abdomen wall
- At the vertebral levels T12 to L3
The two lobes of the kidneys sit at slightly different positions
Left lobe of kidney – T12 – L2
Right lobe of kidney – L1-L3
Left and right kidney
Ureter is the tube coming out from either kidney.
The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney.
Ureter function: These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Adrenal glands: Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear. Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass out of the body. In men, it’s a long tube that runs through the penis. It also carries semen in men. In women, it’s short and is just above the vagina.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass out of the body. In men, it’s a long tube that runs through the penis. It also carries semen in men. In women, it’s short and is just above the vagina.
The blood to the kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries.
The renal arteries branch DIRECTLY off the aorta
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Description automatically generated
Renal artery
Renal vein
Adrenal arteries
Adrenal veins
Autonomic nerves
SM ganglion
Renal ganglion
Renal artery and renal veins:
Oxygenated blood comes to the kidneys from the right and left renal arteries off the abdominal aorta. Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the right and left renal veins that run into to the inferior vena cava.
Adrenal arteries and adrenal veins:
There are 3 adrenal arteries. The right and left adrenal glands receive oxygenated blood via superior suprarenal artery (arises from the inferior phrenic artery), middle suprarenal artery (aorta) and the inferior suprarenal artery (renal artery).
Adrenal veins: only one suprarenal vein
Autonomic nerves (involuntary)
The kidneys are supplied with sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest) of the autonomic nervous system, and the renal nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres (afferent fibres carry nerve impulses to the central nervous system; efferent fibres, from it)
Kidneys have renal ganglion and SM (superior mesentric) ganglion.
Internal Features:
Renal capsule: outermost layer
Renal cortex: outer layer, extending down between pyramids
Renal medulla: inner layer (middle) (renal pyramids)
Renal calyces (major and minor)
Renal pyramids (w/ renal papilla)
Renal columns
External features
Lateral border of the kidney
Inferior pole of the kidney
Medial border of the kidney
The rest of the renal system
After urine leaves the kidneys, it travels down the ureter into the bladder.
