The immune system Block 4 Week 3 Flashcards
Betamethasone ?
- inhibit neutrophil apoptosis
- inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors
- inhibit phospholipase A2 leading to decreased formation of arachidonic acid
- steroid medication
Indications:
- topically used to treat inflammatory conditions such as eczema
- as injection to treat rheumatic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders.
contraindications:
- if injected avoid live viruses
- topically: acne, fungal and viral lesions
side effects:
- increased risk of infection, mood altered, psychotic disorder
Prednisolone
- Prednisolone is available only on prescription as tablets and as a liquid you swallow
- It helps by reducing swelling (inflammation) and can also calm down your immune system
- Prednisolone is a steroid or corticosteroid medicine
Indication:
- used to treat endocrine , dermatological, rheumatic
Contraindications:
- avoid live virus
Describe chlorphenamine ?
- antihistamine medication
- over the counter
Describe hydrocortisone ?
- corticosteroid
- The medicine comes in different forms, including skin creams for the body and scalp, injections and tablets. The type of hydrocortisone you use will depend on your health problem.
- Skin: It works by calming down your body’s immune response to reduce pain, itching and swelling (inflammation).
-You may take hydrocortisone tablets if your body does not make enough cortisol – for example if you have Addison’s disease, or if you’ve had your adrenal glands taken out.
The tablets can also be prescribed for hypopituitarism, a rare condition affecting the pituitary gland.
- Hydrocortisone injections are used to treat swollen and painful joints in people with injuries and arthritis. They help to reduce pain and swelling (inflammation).
Describe Adrenaline? epinephrine ?
-inside epipens
- When injected, adrenaline rapidly reverses the effects of anaphylaxis by reducing throat swelling, opening the airways, and maintaining heart function and blood pressure.
Describe the scalp ?
- The scalp consists of the skin and subcutaneous tissue covering the neurocranium.
-It consists of five (5) layers from superficial to deep, namely (SCALP):
-skin
- dense connective tissue
-the epicranial aponeurosis
-loose connective tissue
- pericranium.
The scalp is highly vascular and is supplied by branches of both the internal and external carotid arteries. These branches anastomose freely with each other.
Describe the muscles of facial expression ?
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION:
-The muscles of facial expression are derived embryologically from the second pharyngeal arch (and
therefore supplied by its nerve – facial nerve, the seventh cranial nerve).
-These muscles are functionally
divided into groups that guard/control the main orifices of the face (orbit, nose, mouth).
-Each orifice has a sphincter, an opposing dilator, elevator, and depressor arrangement of muscles.
-The primary function of these muscles is to control the respective orifices, and facial expression is only a secondary effect of this control.
Orbicularis oculi: sphincter
Ocipitofrontalis and levator palpebrae superiors which are dilators/elevators
- Occipitofrontalis is a long and wide muscle of the scalp, spanning from the eyebrows to the superior nuchal lines of occipital bones
Muscles of the nostrils ?
- sphincter – compressor naris
- dilators/elevators – dilator naris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (near the eye to the top of the mouth), depressor septi
Muscles of the lips and cheeks ?
-sphincter – orbicularis oris
- dilators – levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris (goes all the way from the near the eye to the top of the mouth), levator anguli oris,
zygomaticus major and minor, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris,
buccinator and mentalis.
Note that buccinator (Latin for trumpeter) is an accessory muscle of mastication as it returns food material
from the vestibule of the mouth (the cheek pouch) to between the teeth for chewing.
The INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped three-dimensional space lying deep to the ramus of the
mandible. It contains the pterygoid muscles, and nerves to the mandibular teeth and tongue pass through
this clinically important region.
Identify the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa:
-laterally, the mandibular ramus
-medially, the lateral pterygoid plate
-anteriorly, the maxilla
-posteriorly, the tympanic plate, and the mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
Identify the following contents of the infratemporal fossa
-the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
-the maxillary artery
-the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve
The INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped three-dimensional space lying deep to the ramus of the
mandible. It contains the pterygoid muscles, and nerves to the mandibular teeth and tongue pass through
this clinically important region.
Identify the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa:
-laterally, the mandibular ramus
-medially, the lateral pterygoid plate
-anteriorly, the maxilla
-posteriorly, the tympanic plate, and the mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
Identify the following contents of the infratemporal fossa
-the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
-the maxillary artery
-the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve
- The Lingual nerve (LN) is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) that is responsible for general somatic afferent (sensory) innervation.
The INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped three-dimensional space lying deep to the ramus of the
mandible. It contains the pterygoid muscles, and nerves to the mandibular teeth and tongue pass through
this clinically important region.
Identify the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa:
-laterally, the mandibular ramus
-medially, the lateral pterygoid plate
-anteriorly, the maxilla
-posteriorly, the tympanic plate, and the mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
Identify the following contents of the infratemporal fossa
-the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
-the maxillary artery
-the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve
The INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped three-dimensional space lying deep to the ramus of the
mandible. It contains the pterygoid muscles, and nerves to the mandibular teeth and tongue pass through
this clinically important region.
Identify the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa:
-laterally, the mandibular ramus
-medially, the lateral pterygoid plate
-anteriorly, the maxilla
-posteriorly, the tympanic plate, and the mastoid and styloid processes of the temporal bone
Identify the following contents of the infratemporal fossa
-the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
-the maxillary artery
-the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve
Neurovascularture of the head and neck
-The head and neck are supplied with arterial blood via the common carotid arteries and branches of the
subclavian arteries.
- The cranial cavity and brain receive their blood supply via the internal carotid and
vertebral arteries while the external carotid arteries supply the face and upper neck.
-The veins draining the corresponding areas supplied by the arteries bear similar names to the arteries. All
these veins ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein. The internal jugular vein lies lateral to the
common carotid artery in the neck. The vagus nerve can be found lying posterior to these vascular
structures. All three of these structures (artery, vein, nerve) are enclosed within the carotid sheath.
-The hypoglossal nerve, the 12th cranial nerve, can be seen crossing lateral to the external carotid
artery (just superior to the carotid bifurcation) towards the tongue which it supplies with motor
fibres.
Neurovascularture of the head and neck
Identify the following structures:
-vertebral artery
-common carotid artery
- internal carotid artery
external carotid artery
- maxillary artery
-internal jugular vein
-hypoglossal nerve
- vagus nerve
-superior thyroid artery
-lingual artery
-facial artery
-superficial temporal artery
Neurovascularture of the head and neck
Identify the following structures:
-vertebral artery
-common carotid artery
-internal carotid artery
-external carotid artery
-maxillary artery
- internal jugular vein
-hypoglossal nerve
-vagus nerve
- superior thyroid artery
-lingual artery
- facial artery
-superficial temporal artery
Carotid sheath
The carotid sheath is an important landmark in head and neck anatomy and contains several vital neurovascular structures, including the carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, and sympathetic plexus. It extends upwards from the arch of the aorta and terminates at the skull base.
The carotid sheath is a condensation of the deep cervical fascia that surrounds the main neurovascular structures of the neck: the common and internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve (CN X).
Infratemporal fossa ?
Maxillary artery ?
- Branches off the external carotid.
- goes through the infratemporal fossa
- then into the pterygopalatine fossa
External jugular vein
- The external jugular vein crosses superiorly across the sternocleidomastoid
Hypoglossal nerve
- How you know its hypogglossal nerve: crosses internal and external common carotid laterally