Year 2 Notes

Question 1

What is the EU emissions trading scheme?

Answer 1

A multi-sector, multi-nation and trade scheme to reduce carbon emissions from power producing and energy intensive sectors

Question 2

How does the ETS scheme work?

Answer 2

Allocation of carbon credits and subsequent trade between over polluting and under polluting nations

Question 3

What does the ETS symbolise?

Answer 3

A way of meeting commitments without sacrificing other policy goals
Power of the markets

Question 4

Success?

Answer 4

Not initially due to massive over-allocation of credits

After this who 3.06% fall 2007-2008

Question 5

What is the stratospheric ozone depletion case an example of?

Answer 5

Changing uncertainty and importance of the precautionary principle

Question 6

When does ozone reach max concentration?

Answer 6

25km up (in the stratosphere)

Question 7

When were CFCs invented, by who and why?

Answer 7

1930s, Midgeley, substitute for butane which was inert and non poisonous

Question 8

When did papers begin to recognise the dangers and what did they find?

Answer 8

1974s paper found that chlorine was a destructive catalyst of ozone

Question 9

When did thinning begin?

Answer 9

1950s

Question 10

When did thinning intensify?

Answer 10

1980s

Question 11

When was the Vienna convention?

Answer 11

1985

Question 12

When was the Montreal Protocol agreed?

Answer 12

1987

Question 13

What was the success of the MP?

Answer 13

Deemed one of the most successful examples of global governance
We will still have ozone hole till 2060-2080s - we were too late to prevent the hole

Question 14

When was the height of CFC production and what did it reach?

Answer 14

1986 @ 1.5 million tonnes

Question 15

What happened to stratospheric ozone content?

Answer 15

Multiplied x 7 by 1995

Question 16

What did 10 years of indecision lead to?

Answer 16

50 years of atmospheric imbalance

Question 17

What is the global commons?

Answer 17

Resource domains that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation state
Shared resources e.g. high seas, atmosphere

Question 18

Exploitation of pastureland?

Answer 18

Buffalo population was once >30 million
By end of 19th century it was <500
Today still only 25,000

Question 19

Why did the Aral Sea dry up?

Answer 19

River Syr Darya and Amu Darya were diverted for Soviet cotton cultivation in the 1960s

Question 20

What happened to the extent of the sea?

Answer 20

The 2007 size was 10% of its original 68,000km2

Question 21

What were the social impacts of the drying of the AS?

Answer 21

100 million tonnes of toxic salt dust from fertiliser and pesticides used spread over 400,000km2
Shortened the growing season and decreased humidity by 25%
40,000 job losses
3000% increase in chronic diseases e.g. asthma over the next 15 years
1:20 babies were born with defects

Question 22

What were the environmental costs?

Answer 22

Species and ecosystem loss was $100 billion

Question 23

What is the total cost to recharge the Aral Sea?

Answer 23

$30 billion

Question 24

Give an example of a common property regime/treaty which aided water conflict?

Answer 24

Indus Water Treaty 1960

Question 25

What did Wade say about common pool resources?

Answer 25

When all could benefit from cooperation, it is often not reached in absence of external factors
Common property is bound to be over exploited as demand rises

Question 26

What does this mean?

Answer 26

Less developed countries lack mature political institutions needed to overcome disputes and will need aid

Question 27

What are the drawbacks of fracking?

Answer 27

Releases methane
Uses a lot of water
Wells can crack and release chemicals into nearby water sources
Involves industrialisation of the countryside

Question 28

What does Sen define famine as?

Answer 28

When a large number of people in the same area lose their means/entitlements to access commodities

Question 29

What does Sen say famine is caused by?

Answer 29

Food shortages due to entitlement failures

Question 30

Name some entitlements?

Answer 30

Wages, crops, livestock, donations, investment, inheritance, gifts, land, skills, membership

Question 31

What is a failure of food entitlement?

Answer 31

When an entitlement set doesn’t contain enough food to enable someone to avoid starvation (in absence of non-entitlement transfers e.g. aid)