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ECP > Innovation, Uncertainty and Precaution > Flashcards

Innovation, Uncertainty and Precaution Flashcards

1
Q

Who is behind the limits to growth concept?

A

Thomas Malthus
Erlich
Meadows x2

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2
Q

What is the limits to growth concept?

A

There are finite limits to human population and agriculture will not be able to keep up

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3
Q

What is the opposing theory?

A

Increasing population will increase agricultural productivity and technological innovation is key

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4
Q

What are the two types of innovation?

A

Supply push and demand led

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5
Q

What is supply pushed innovation?

A

Pushed by new technological possibilities

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6
Q

What is demand led innovation?

A

Led by social demands and market requirements

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7
Q

What is insect Armageddon?

A

Plummeting insect numbers threaten the collapse of nature

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8
Q

What are drivers of IA?

A

Habitat loss - conversion to intensive agriculture
Pollution - pesticides and fertilisers
Pathogens
Climate change esp warming in the tropics

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9
Q

What is the Precautionary Principle?

A

In cases where there are threats to human life/environment, the fact there is scientific uncertainty over those threats should not be used as the reason for not taking action to prevent harm

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10
Q

What does Article 130r say in the Maastricht treaty say?

A

Environmental policy should aim for the highest level of protection and environmental damage should be rectified at source and the polluter pay

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11
Q

What is the legislative history of the PP?

A

Convention on Biological Diversity
Maastricht Treaty
Kyoto Protocol 1997

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12
Q

What is a theory?

A

Conceptual framework that permits linkage with other theories
Abstract/remote from reality

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13
Q

Land sparing Jevons paradox?

A

Increasing productivity will not decrease utilisation

If food gets cheaper, people will buy more food and throw away more food

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14
Q

What is the Poorter hypothesis?

A

Institutions matter and environment regulation stimulates innovation and economic growth

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15
Q

What has happened to insects in the Puerto Rica rainforest?

A

98% gone on ground

80% gone from canopy

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16
Q

What has happened to insects in the German reserves?

A

Fallen 75% in 25 years

17
Q

What has happened to insects in Australian forests?

A

Disappearance of birds and insects due to droughts and fire

18
Q

What has happened to insects in Mexican dry forests?

A

Loss of 80% since 1980s

19
Q

What has happened to climate?

A

Number of hot spells (>29 degrees) increased

20
Q

What has happened to frogs and birds also?

A

50-65% decrease in some areas

21
Q

How many species are declining/endangered?

A

40% declining

1/3rd endangered

22
Q

How does the insect rate of extinction compare to other animals?

A

8x faster

23
Q

What is happening to total mass of insects?

A

Falling 2.5%/year

24
Q

What does that mean for the future?

A

Could be extinct in a century

25
Q

Why are insects important?

A

Essential to the functioning of ecosystems, they are food, pollinators and recycle nutrients

26
Q

UK butterfly species?

A

Decreased 58% 2000-2009

27
Q

What is worrying about policy on this topic?

A

Slow progress to implement science driven policy

28
Q

A piece of legislation that is helping?

A

2009 EU Directive for sustainable use of pesticides

29
Q

How much land has been converted and what are the main drivers?

A

30-50% of natural ecosystems

Deforestation, agricultural expansion and urbanisation

30
Q

What is the key NFU goal?

A

Producing 0 net GHG emission by 2040

31
Q

What techniques will be incorporated into farming?

A

Vertical stacking, LED technology, 3D printed food, nano sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, robots

32
Q

What is happening to meat eaters in UK?

A

41% already classify themselves as flexitarian

ECP (18 decks)

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