Marine Issues 1 Flashcards
Why are so many dolphins killed in the Pacific?
Fisherman use dolphins to locate and catch tuna, and they are killed for damaging equipment or scaring the tuna away
How is tuna fishing equipment changing?
New nets have ‘dolphin hatches’ and some countries (inc USA) require them by law
What is GATT?
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947-1994)
Aimed to reduce barriers to international trade
Reduced tariffs and protected intellectual property rights
What is WTO?
World Trade Organisation (1995-present)
Adapts the GATT principles
150 members states
What are the principles of the WTO?
No discrimination of trade partners
Freedom for negotiations
Predictable and competitive
Beneficial for less developed countries
What is product vs process?
Not possible to control imports because of the process of the product
How much of Earths surface so oceans cover?
2/3rds
Property rights of the deep ocean?
Open access resources
Who regulates that deep oceans?
UNCLOS
When did deep sea mining begin?
1960s
Where are many of the elements located?
Near China,
North Pacific Ocean
What are the mineral resources available in the deep seas?
Polymetallic nodules, colbalt rich ferromanganse crusts, hydrothermal polymeallic sulphides
How do they form?
From precipitation of trace metals in seawater
What base metals are available?
Copper, zinc, nickle, cobalt, platinum, lead, gold, silver
What are the risks of deep sea mining?
Benthic disturbance
Sediment plumes
Toxic effects on the water column
Ecological disruption of fisheries and heavy metals in food chain
Who is posed to benefit most from deep sea mining?
Richer countries as it involves large capital investmentW
What is the worry about deep sea mining future?
Environmental legislation is making slow progress to regulate it and the economics of mining are likely to override the environment
What is the tuna that is being fished in the pacific?
Yellow fin tuna
Which species of dolphin are most at risk?
Pan tropical spotted, spinner and common dolphin
What is the number of dolphins killed since 1950s estimated to be?
Over 6 million
When was dolphin safe tuna introduced?
1994 by USA (largest market of canned tuna)
What has happened to populations since 1990s?
Recovering but remain low due likely to;
Stress and induced abortion
Separation of mothers and calves
Long term population changes
How are dolphins killed?
Suffocated due to entanglement of flippers, fluke and/or rostrum, or crushed by the weight of tuna
How large are the nets used?
3/4 mile long, over 300 ft deep
