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Marine Issues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the property rights problems with Marine Environments?

A

Ill defined property rights
Tragedy of the Commons
High Transaction Costs

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2
Q

Examples of Transaction Costs?

A 
Cost of searching for a partner
Screening of potential partners
Bargaining/negotiation
Transferring of products
Monitoring agreement to ensure conditions filled
Enforcement
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3
Q

When are inshore fisheries degraded?

A

Open access
Governed by top down national regimes
Local and regional officials have insufficient autonomy

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4
Q

When was UNCLOS formed?

A

1994

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5
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

Embodiment of lots of treaties into 1 set of ‘laws of the sea’

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6
Q

How many articles and annexes?

A

320 articles

9 annexes

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7
Q

What aspects of the ocean regulation does UNCLOS cover?

A 
Delimitation
Env control
Marine scientific research
Economical and commercial activities
Transfer of technology 
Settling of disputes
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8
Q

What is the exact limit of coastal state sovereignty of territorial sea?

A

12 nautical miles

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9
Q

What is the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone?

A

200 nautical miles

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10
Q

What are the responsibilities of coastal states?

A

Prevent and control pollution and are liable for damage within their zones

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11
Q

What is the polluter pays principle?

A

Determines liability
Imposes sanctions for wrongful conduct
Internalises environmental and social costs

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12
Q

When was the Exxon Valdez spill?

A

March 24th 1989

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13
Q

How much EV oil was split?

A

10.8 million gallons or 42 million litres

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14
Q

What area was fouled in EV spill?

A

1900km of pristine shoreland

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15
Q

How bad was the EV spill in context of others?

A

34th out of worlds largest spills in last 25 years

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16
Q

Social impact of EV spill?

A

4 deaths associated with the clean up

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17
Q

What were the main losses of the EV spill?

A

Loss of local fish/subsistence livelihoods
Loss to local economy in terms of tourism & wildlife
Passive use value of $2.8 billion!

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18
Q

What payment was made by EV?

A

$900 million

19
Q

What are the difficulties in determining the impact of EV spill?

A

Impacts are long term
Did the clean up cause more harm than the spill?
How valid is the passive use value?

20
Q

What are the 3 major pathways of long term impacts from the EV spill?

A

1) Chronic persistence of oil and therefore exposure
2) Delayed population recovery due to issues with health, growth and reproduction
3) Indirect effect on the trophic chain

21
Q

What does oil on feathers/fur cause?

A

Loss of insulating capacity, and therefore death by hypothermia, drowning and or ingestion of toxic hydrocarbons

22
Q

How many sea otter lost in EV spill?

23
Q

How many sea birds lost in EV spill?

24
Q

How many habor seals lost?

25
When was the GOM spill?
2010
26
For how long did the Deep Water Horizon oil gusher flow?
87 days
27
What was the total oil discharge of GOM spill?
5 million barrels
28
What was the costs to BP?
$42.2 billion
29
What specie and which nations involved in the Estai case?
Greenland Halibut | Canada vs Spain
30
When did Canada decide to conserve GH?
1994
31
What did Spain argue?
Canada have no control over fish beyond their EEZ
32
What did the International Court rule over Estai?
Rejected Spain's case, supporting Canada's case for conservation
33
Where are Southern Blue Fin Tuna found and where do they breed?
Souther Hemisphere | Indian Ocean south of Java
34
When do they reach breeding age and when do we fish them?
Breeding age is 8 but commercially fish from 2-3
35
Which states fish for SBT?
Japan, Australia, New Zealand
36
How are SBT caught? + Issue
Long line fishing - catches Albatrosses as bycatch
37
When were strict quota on SBT implemented?
1985 and treaty 1993
38
What is the state of SBT population?
Severely overfished, below commonly accepted thresholds of biologically safe parental biomass
39
Why is Japan causing problems with SBT?
1998 Japan fished 1400 tonnes of SBT for 'experimental fishing'
40
What did the ITLOS rule for SBT?
Quotas should be maintained and caution adopted using the precautionary approach
41
Who is involved in the Swordfish Debate?
Chile vs EU
42
When was the first dispute over Swordfish?
1990s
43
What did Chile decide in 1991?
Conservation measures in EEZ and prohibited unloading of swordfish in ports
44
What was the outcome over swordfish dispute?
2001 bilateral agreement to allow access of limited EU vessels and 1000 tonnes swordfish

ECP (18 decks)

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