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ECP > Marine Issues 2 > Flashcards

Marine Issues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the property rights problems with Marine Environments?

A

Ill defined property rights
Tragedy of the Commons
High Transaction Costs

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2
Q

Examples of Transaction Costs?

A 
Cost of searching for a partner
Screening of potential partners
Bargaining/negotiation
Transferring of products
Monitoring agreement to ensure conditions filled
Enforcement
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3
Q

When are inshore fisheries degraded?

A

Open access
Governed by top down national regimes
Local and regional officials have insufficient autonomy

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4
Q

When was UNCLOS formed?

A

1994

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5
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

Embodiment of lots of treaties into 1 set of ‘laws of the sea’

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6
Q

How many articles and annexes?

A

320 articles

9 annexes

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7
Q

What aspects of the ocean regulation does UNCLOS cover?

A 
Delimitation
Env control
Marine scientific research
Economical and commercial activities
Transfer of technology 
Settling of disputes
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8
Q

What is the exact limit of coastal state sovereignty of territorial sea?

A

12 nautical miles

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9
Q

What is the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone?

A

200 nautical miles

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10
Q

What are the responsibilities of coastal states?

A

Prevent and control pollution and are liable for damage within their zones

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11
Q

What is the polluter pays principle?

A

Determines liability
Imposes sanctions for wrongful conduct
Internalises environmental and social costs

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12
Q

When was the Exxon Valdez spill?

A

March 24th 1989

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13
Q

How much EV oil was split?

A

10.8 million gallons or 42 million litres

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14
Q

What area was fouled in EV spill?

A

1900km of pristine shoreland

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15
Q

How bad was the EV spill in context of others?

A

34th out of worlds largest spills in last 25 years

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16
Q

Social impact of EV spill?

A

4 deaths associated with the clean up

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17
Q

What were the main losses of the EV spill?

A

Loss of local fish/subsistence livelihoods
Loss to local economy in terms of tourism & wildlife
Passive use value of $2.8 billion!

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18
Q

What payment was made by EV?

A

$900 million

19
Q

What are the difficulties in determining the impact of EV spill?

A

Impacts are long term
Did the clean up cause more harm than the spill?
How valid is the passive use value?

20
Q

What are the 3 major pathways of long term impacts from the EV spill?

A

1) Chronic persistence of oil and therefore exposure
2) Delayed population recovery due to issues with health, growth and reproduction
3) Indirect effect on the trophic chain

21
Q

What does oil on feathers/fur cause?

A

Loss of insulating capacity, and therefore death by hypothermia, drowning and or ingestion of toxic hydrocarbons

22
Q

How many sea otter lost in EV spill?

A

1000-2800

23
Q

How many sea birds lost in EV spill?

A

250,000

24
Q

How many habor seals lost?

A

302

25
Q

When was the GOM spill?

A

2010

26
Q

For how long did the Deep Water Horizon oil gusher flow?

A

87 days

27
Q

What was the total oil discharge of GOM spill?

A

5 million barrels

28
Q

What was the costs to BP?

A

$42.2 billion

29
Q

What specie and which nations involved in the Estai case?

A

Greenland Halibut

Canada vs Spain

30
Q

When did Canada decide to conserve GH?

A

1994

31
Q

What did Spain argue?

A

Canada have no control over fish beyond their EEZ

32
Q

What did the International Court rule over Estai?

A

Rejected Spain’s case, supporting Canada’s case for conservation

33
Q

Where are Southern Blue Fin Tuna found and where do they breed?

A

Souther Hemisphere

Indian Ocean south of Java

34
Q

When do they reach breeding age and when do we fish them?

A

Breeding age is 8 but commercially fish from 2-3

35
Q

Which states fish for SBT?

A

Japan, Australia, New Zealand

36
Q

How are SBT caught? + Issue

A

Long line fishing - catches Albatrosses as bycatch

37
Q

When were strict quota on SBT implemented?

A

1985 and treaty 1993

38
Q

What is the state of SBT population?

A

Severely overfished, below commonly accepted thresholds of biologically safe parental biomass

39
Q

Why is Japan causing problems with SBT?

A

1998 Japan fished 1400 tonnes of SBT for ‘experimental fishing’

40
Q

What did the ITLOS rule for SBT?

A

Quotas should be maintained and caution adopted using the precautionary approach

41
Q

Who is involved in the Swordfish Debate?

A

Chile vs EU

42
Q

When was the first dispute over Swordfish?

A

1990s

43
Q

What did Chile decide in 1991?

A

Conservation measures in EEZ and prohibited unloading of swordfish in ports

44
Q

What was the outcome over swordfish dispute?

A

2001 bilateral agreement to allow access of limited EU vessels and 1000 tonnes swordfish

ECP (18 decks)

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