year 2- booklet 4, 5, 6 Flashcards
Gandhi’s campaigns
-1915 president of INC
-1917/18 helped w/c indians e.g. indigo workers
-1920/22 non-coop movement
-1930 salt marches= 320 indians injured
-1932/34 civil disobedience
-1942 quit india
gandhi’s fasts
-1924 fasted for 3 weeks for muslim hindu unity
-fasts generated idea of saintliness, reinforced by national mourning after his death
gandhi beliefs
-1909 book hind swaraj
-peaceful resistance and harmonious living
-rejected the caste system and treatment of ‘untouchables’
-wanted india independent as a traditional society
-his methods were hard for Br to combat
colonial office 1925
-divided into 2: dominions office & colonial office
-dominions used their own civil servant but br appointed governor generals
colonial administrators
-supposed to be single-minded, honest, responsible, but in reality they were often smug and close minded
-e.g. Charles Arden Clarke, Andrew Cohen, Montagu
trusteeship
-administrators were to protect indigenous interests and encourage economic growth and nurture colony towards self rule
1927 Leo Amery argued for it
-1929 Sir Edward Hilton Young implemented this in EA
dual mandate
-colonial power had responsibility to its colonies and the outside world
-colonies: owed materials and moral advancement leading to self rule
-outside world: obligation to see that natural resources were developed and exploited
empire marketing board
-1926 bc of Leo Amery
-promoted consumption in Br of items produced in Empire through posters
exhibitions
-Wembley Exhibition 1924, govt contributed £1.1mill
-empire in miniature
-17 mill visitors 1924, 9 mill 1925
-Glasgow 1938
Monarchy
-visits to empire e.g. Edward VII toured NZ, canada etc
-Kings speech 1932
BBC
-1923 strong imperial stance
-1932 introduced christmas broadcasts
education
-focal point for curriculum, professorships in imperial history e.g. Vere Hamsworth Chair at Cambridge
-Unis trained colonial servants e.g. SOAS 1917
-pro-imperial writers e.g. Kipling
entertainment, culture, sport
-children books e.g. G.A. Henty
-cinema e.g. Sanders of the River 1935
-music e.g. Noel Coward 1931 ‘mad dogs and englishmen’
-CO-OP used collectible cards of empire in their tea
-sport e.g. Ashes competition between eng and aus
familial links
-family emigrated to Aus etc
-relatives who had served in army etc
presentations of empire
-less explicit jingoism after ww1
-family of nations, peace led by Br
-empire day created a sense of belonging to this family
Nehru
-INC 1919
-president of INC 1928 and 1936
-reluctant to support Quit India and got him arrested
-India’s first pm 1947
Jinnah
-led AIML 1913
-resigned from INC in 1920 as he disagreed w non violent protests
-1940 supported idea of a separate Muslim state
-1947 Pakistan’s first governor general
Bose
-formed the INA 1943
-sided w/ Br’s enemies (ger, italy, japan) in 1943
-wanted the INC to be more militant
National Congress of West Africa
-Nigeria & GC had legislative councils 1914
-1919 formed NCWA
-demands initially ignored
-dominated by appointed African chiefs, not nationalists
Thuku
-developed first EA political protests
-formed Young Kikuyu and 1921 founded East African Association
-Kenya Africa Union 1946
1919 Egypt
-Br exiled nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul which led to riots etc and 800+ egyptians being killed
1922 Egypt
-granted independence (recommended by 1921 Milner report)
-but relationship was strained as Br military remained in area
Stern Gang
-jewish terrorist unit
-1940
fought both arabs and br
-1945 open conflict between arabs and jews
response to palestine being handed over to UN
-1947
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine recommended partition
-Jewish took designated Palestinian land, massacred arabs e.g. Deir Yassin
-by May 1948 when Br finally withdrew, over 300,000 Palestinians had fled the new Jewish state
response to GoIA 1919
-protests which led to Rowlatt Acts
-Rowlatt Acts: trial w/out jury, suspects interned without trial
Amritsar massacre
-1919
-riots led to Br deaths etc
-General Dyer ordered troops to fire on crowd in Jallianwallah Bagh
-led to non- cooperation movement
Chauri Chaura
-1922
-police fired on violent protestors
-demonstrators then killed 3 civilians and 23 policemen
-Gandhi called off non-coop
result of indian independence
-1947
-partition
-400k died in communal violence
conflict at curragh
-1914
-Br soldiers mutinies when ordered to enforce home rule in North
-sides armed themselves ‘Ulster Volunteers’ v ‘National Volunteers’
-3 deaths
Sinn Fein
-1916 Easter Rising
-1918 election won majority seats
-created Irish assembly 1919 and declared Irish Republic
-IRA began guerilla warfare against Br
-Br sent ‘Black and Tans’ to support Royal Irish Constabulary
Anglo- Irish Treaty
-1921
-Ireland became a Dominion but 6 northern counties opt out
-Eamon de Valera rejected treaty and started cw but lost by 1923
Valera after statute of westminster
-refused to attend 1937 imperial conference
-new republic constitution- Eire
-1948 Republic of Ireland act formally separated Eire and Br
