year 1- booklet 3, 2, 1 Flashcards by Amy Chadd

free trade acceptance

-threat if the Royal Navy e.g. Peru 1857
-diplomacy e.g. Kirk in Zanzibar
-1887 Colonial Conference on ‘free trade empire’

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trade w/ south america

£80mill by 1865, 10%

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trade w/ America

-£3.7 mill Br exports

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trade w/ colonies

20% Br imports, 30% Br exports

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transport to trade

-ships= originally clipper ships, but this declined after Suez Canal opened & steam ships became more popular
-railways= single largest investment, allowed countries to expand their trade e.g. Uganda Railway 1896
-canals= helped internally, canal systems expanded in India 1857

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types of industry

-agriculture= in dominions they produced cheap foodstuffs, tropical colonies produced food not available in UK
-mining= see other card

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mining

-closing of Cornish mines led to 30k miners moving to Transvaal led to Kimberly Diamond Syndicate 1890
-Gold NSW 1851 & 1866- £124 mill

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North Borneo Company

-1881
-North Borneo
-Timber, rubber
-abolished slavery

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RNC

-1886
-Niger River- 30 trading posts
-George Goldie
-Palm Oil

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IBEAC

-1888
-Br EA
-William Mackinnon
-Tea & Coffee & sisal

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BSAC

-1889
-South/ central Africa
-Rhodes
-funded by those seeking the diamonds/ gold e.g. DeBeers company

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Imperial Federation League

-1884
-‘imperial parliament’ for Br & dominions
-cover foreign affairs, army etc

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EIC

-India
-Doctrine of Lapse
-extensive company e.g. army & own rule

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India (stats) 1857

-pop=236 mill
-70% hindu
-20% muslim
-4mill km^2
-jute, tea, rice

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Indian Mutiny

-1857
-sepoys in bengal & lucknow rebelled
-8k rebels surrounded Br headquarters Lucknow & trapped Br for 4.5 months (10 europeans died daily)

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causes of the mutiny

-westernisation
-doctrine of lapse
-missionary
-military conditions
-cartridges

failure of the mutiny

-Indian princes pro Br
-sikhs & gurkhas loyal
-contained to the north/ no widespread support

Ruthless repression

-branding
-mass hangings
-shootings
-shot ppl out of canons
-2k death

Political consequences of the mutiny

-GoIA 1858= became crown colony, viceroy created, ICS under control of SoS
-ICS= 1000 Br civil servants
-1877 Empress of India

Military changes

-3k miles of railway track laid
-6:1 to 2:1
-62/72 Bengali
-armoured trains
-artillery w/ Br only
-favoured the Gurkhas/ loyal regiments

Economic changes in India

-tea plantations= 1in1857 to 295 in 1871
-trains for increased trade- 15k miles by 1880

social/ educational changes

-missionaries discouraged
-repression- saw Indians as savages
-greater respect for Sepoy beliefs
-doctrine of lapse removed
-1/3 of Indians entered public offices
-Unis in calcutta, Bombay 1857

princes

-40% of the country
-565 separate stats
-crucial for Br control

Great depression

-1873-96
-africa attractive due to new raw materials
-expansion beyond coastal settlements

Brussels Conference

-1876 -concluded Africa should be ran by Europeans as Africans couldn't develop natural resources -after this there was increased European conquest in Africa -geographers etc present -International African Association' required

Berlin Conference

-1884 to 1885 -basins & mouths of Niger and Congo River to be neutral -spheres of influence -general act= respect natives beliefs etc, effective occupation, powers should support missionaries etc

strategic reasons for expansion into Africa

-military presence required to protect routes e.g. Suez Canal -threats from other countries e.g. Bechuanaland 1895 -trade routes i.e. Gold Coast

exploratory factors for expansion into Africa

-explorers gained wealth/fame -importance shown through Brussels conference -'dark continent'- survival of the fittest -initial discovery led to formal annexation

economic factors affecting african expansion

-natural resources (long depression) -charter companies -dual economic control= egypt -egypt annexed to gain wealth in India

Moral factors affecting expansion

-white supremacy -Christianise & civilise -missionary schls -1896-98 revenge for gordon

strategic interests in Egypt

-overland route to India -Suez Canal cut off 2 weeks/ 4000 miles from journey to India -French domination in Northern Africa

Suez Canal

-1869 finished building, Ferdinand De Lesseps -1875, 80% of ships using it were Br -1875 Disraeli bought 44% of shares for 4mill

Egyptian financial crisis

-1863-79 debt grew from £3mill to £100 mill -interest rate grew from 7% to 20%

BR loans to Egypt

-Alexandria developed -100miles of track laid -army re-equipped -schls, roads etc -cotton industry dev

Anglo-French rescue plan

-1878 -dual economic control -Fr controlled spending -Br raised revenue -Ismail Pasha replaced w/ Tewfik Pasha -interest rates cut to 5%

Egyptian Nationalist

-1882 -Arabi Pasha -wanted to end foreign intervention -Riots in Alexandria (50 Europeans dead) -Gladstone ordered Navy bombardment

Result of Egyptian Nationalism

-Br become the defacto govt as Egypt becomes a 'veiled protectorate'

Mahdi

-Islamic leaders in Sudan -formed rebellion against Ottoman Empire/ foreign intervention in Sudan -1882 -Mahdist revolt 1883

General Gordon

-supposed to evacuate Br/ Egyptian civilians out of Sudan -He didn't follow orders and remained in Khartoum where he held out for 317 days -Relief Column 1884 -He was beheaded and their was widespread grief in Br which resulted in Second Sudanese Campaign 1896-98