year 1- booklet 3, 2, 1 Flashcards
free trade acceptance
-threat if the Royal Navy e.g. Peru 1857
-diplomacy e.g. Kirk in Zanzibar
-1887 Colonial Conference on ‘free trade empire’
trade w/ south america
£80mill by 1865, 10%
trade w/ America
-£3.7 mill Br exports
trade w/ colonies
20% Br imports, 30% Br exports
transport to trade
-ships= originally clipper ships, but this declined after Suez Canal opened & steam ships became more popular
-railways= single largest investment, allowed countries to expand their trade e.g. Uganda Railway 1896
-canals= helped internally, canal systems expanded in India 1857
types of industry
-agriculture= in dominions they produced cheap foodstuffs, tropical colonies produced food not available in UK
-mining= see other card
mining
-closing of Cornish mines led to 30k miners moving to Transvaal led to Kimberly Diamond Syndicate 1890
-Gold NSW 1851 & 1866- £124 mill
North Borneo Company
-1881
-North Borneo
-Timber, rubber
-abolished slavery
RNC
-1886
-Niger River- 30 trading posts
-George Goldie
-Palm Oil
IBEAC
-1888
-Br EA
-William Mackinnon
-Tea & Coffee & sisal
BSAC
-1889
-South/ central Africa
-Rhodes
-funded by those seeking the diamonds/ gold e.g. DeBeers company
Imperial Federation League
-1884
-‘imperial parliament’ for Br & dominions
-cover foreign affairs, army etc
EIC
-India
-Doctrine of Lapse
-extensive company e.g. army & own rule
India (stats) 1857
-pop=236 mill
-70% hindu
-20% muslim
-4mill km^2
-jute, tea, rice
Indian Mutiny
-1857
-sepoys in bengal & lucknow rebelled
-8k rebels surrounded Br headquarters Lucknow & trapped Br for 4.5 months (10 europeans died daily)
causes of the mutiny
-westernisation
-doctrine of lapse
-missionary
-military conditions
-cartridges
failure of the mutiny
-Indian princes pro Br
-sikhs & gurkhas loyal
-contained to the north/ no widespread support
Ruthless repression
-branding
-mass hangings
-shootings
-shot ppl out of canons
-2k death
Political consequences of the mutiny
-GoIA 1858= became crown colony, viceroy created, ICS under control of SoS
-ICS= 1000 Br civil servants
-1877 Empress of India
Military changes
-3k miles of railway track laid
-6:1 to 2:1
-62/72 Bengali
-armoured trains
-artillery w/ Br only
-favoured the Gurkhas/ loyal regiments
Economic changes in India
-tea plantations= 1in1857 to 295 in 1871
-trains for increased trade- 15k miles by 1880
social/ educational changes
-missionaries discouraged
-repression- saw Indians as savages
-greater respect for Sepoy beliefs
-doctrine of lapse removed
-1/3 of Indians entered public offices
-Unis in calcutta, Bombay 1857
princes
-40% of the country
-565 separate stats
-crucial for Br control
Great depression
-1873-96
-africa attractive due to new raw materials
-expansion beyond coastal settlements
Brussels Conference
-1876
-concluded Africa should be ran by Europeans as Africans couldn’t develop natural resources
-after this there was increased European conquest in Africa
-geographers etc present
-International African Association’ required
Berlin Conference
-1884 to 1885
-basins & mouths of Niger and Congo River to be neutral
-spheres of influence
-general act= respect natives beliefs etc, effective occupation, powers should support missionaries etc
strategic reasons for expansion into Africa
-military presence required to protect routes e.g. Suez Canal
-threats from other countries e.g. Bechuanaland 1895
-trade routes i.e. Gold Coast
exploratory factors for expansion into Africa
-explorers gained wealth/fame
-importance shown through Brussels conference
-‘dark continent’- survival of the fittest
-initial discovery led to formal annexation
economic factors affecting african expansion
-natural resources (long depression)
-charter companies
-dual economic control= egypt
-egypt annexed to gain wealth in India
Moral factors affecting expansion
-white supremacy
-Christianise & civilise
-missionary schls
-1896-98 revenge for gordon
strategic interests in Egypt
-overland route to India
-Suez Canal cut off 2 weeks/ 4000 miles from journey to India
-French domination in Northern Africa
Suez Canal
-1869 finished building, Ferdinand De Lesseps
-1875, 80% of ships using it were Br
-1875 Disraeli bought 44% of shares for 4mill
Egyptian financial crisis
-1863-79 debt grew from £3mill to £100 mill
-interest rate grew from 7% to 20%
BR loans to Egypt
-Alexandria developed
-100miles of track laid
-army re-equipped
-schls, roads etc
-cotton industry dev
Anglo-French rescue plan
-1878
-dual economic control
-Fr controlled spending
-Br raised revenue
-Ismail Pasha replaced w/ Tewfik Pasha
-interest rates cut to 5%
Egyptian Nationalist
-1882
-Arabi Pasha
-wanted to end foreign intervention
-Riots in Alexandria (50 Europeans dead)
-Gladstone ordered Navy bombardment
Result of Egyptian Nationalism
-Br become the defacto govt as Egypt becomes a ‘veiled protectorate’
Mahdi
-Islamic leaders in Sudan
-formed rebellion against Ottoman Empire/ foreign intervention in Sudan
-1882
-Mahdist revolt 1883
General Gordon
-supposed to evacuate Br/ Egyptian civilians out of Sudan
-He didn’t follow orders and remained in Khartoum where he held out for 317 days
-Relief Column 1884
-He was beheaded and their was widespread grief in Br which resulted in Second Sudanese Campaign 1896-98
