year 1- booklet 7, 8,9 Flashcards
economic weakness
-industries overtaken by Ger, USA
-imports> exports
military weakness
-army poorly developed
diplomatic weakness
-had no allies & feared Fr & Rus combining powers
-new colonies had no loyalties to Br
Salisbury’s Tory Party 1895
-uphold Br dominance
-protectorates expanded
-took territory to limit other empires
Effect of Berlin conference
indigenous control of africa fell from 90% to 10%
limits to Br power in Egypt when they took over
-Capitulations= europeans were tried under their own courts
-The Caisse de la Dette= Br, Fr, Russia, It, Ger, Aus-Hung, controlled Egypt’s finances
-mixed courts
-The French- Fashoda (1898), Entente Cordiale (1904)
Br benefits to Egypt
-revitalised economy
-improved conditions and health services
-exports of sugar/ cotton tripled
-population rose from 7-10 mill
Egyptian nationalists
-al-Hizb-al-Watani revived in 1893
-1906 Denshawaii
Ashantiland
-1890s
-King Prempah refused to accept protectorate
-4th anglo-ashanti war
-1900 added to Gold Coast
Nigeria
-RNC
-Br took control over RNC & North & South Nigeria unified 1914
Zanzibar
-protectorate 1890
-Br ‘puppet’ Saltan Hamad bin Thuwaini died
-Khalid refused to step down after assuming power
-shortest war in history at 38 mins
Uganda
-1886 King Mwanda executed 30 christians leading to civil war
-1890 Mwanda handed over power to IBEAC
-powers transferred to crown 1894 & Buganda joined Uganda
Uganda Railway
-chamberlain
-1896
-660 miles
-£5mill
-2.5k died e.g. Masai massacre
-consolidated power in EA
Kenya
-Berlin Conference
-utilised internal disputes
-natives fought back w/ Ger weapons
-added to BEA protectorate 1895
-colony 1920
Sudan
-Mahdi revolt 1881
-Gordon killed 1885
-Salisbury wanted to avenge Gordon & uphold Europe in Africa
Kitchener
-commander in chief of Egyptian army 1896
-battle of Omdurman 1898
-Fashoda incident (press Fr claims to area)
Somaliland
-protectorate 1888
-strategically important- Indian Ocean
-limit Fr/ Ita ambitions in area
Nayasaland
-established control 1891
-explored by Livingstone, settled by Scottish missionaries 1895
-guerilla warfare until 1897
-BSA took control
-1907 protectorate
Confederation of SA
> Initial ideas of confederation:
-Zulu wars
-1st Boer war 1881-1882 (Boers won)
Problems in the Transvaal
-1880s gold discovered at Witwatersrand
-Kruger denied citizenship rights for Uitlanders
Jameson Raid
-Rhodes had Dr Jameson launch military raid w/ 500 mounted policemen
-1895/6
-no official Br govt support
-Rhodes resigned as PM of CC
Consequences of Jameson Raid
-negotiations w/ Boers broke down in 1899 w/ Boer attack on Natal
-2nd Boer War
how did the 2nd Boer War start
-influenced by the Jameson Raid
-1899 Boers attacked Natal
-Boers achieved considerable military success
2nd Boer War stats
-1899-1902
-400k imperial troops
-£250mill
Union of SA
-Peace of Vereeniging 1902
-Boers as Br subjects/ land taken
-1908 PMs of Transvaal, Orange Colony, CC & Natal formed constitution of ‘union of sa’
-‘act of union’ created a single parliament & became a dominion 1910
Afghanistan policy
-originally planned to leave it alone, trusting its natural terrain as a barrier against Russia
-Disraeli wanted a more active policy
Afghanistan effectively a protectorate
-1876= Baluchistan became protectorate
-1878= Afghanistan accepted a Russian envoy so Lord Lytton imposed a Br one
-1879= rebellion against Br, Disraeli declared war, new Emir of Afghanistan accepted Br control
Malaya
-Br governor in residence to the courts of the Malayan ruler
-began process of undermining Sultan’s power
Fiji
1872 Fiji handed over in hopes of a conservative force
Borneo
-charter in 1881 to develop timber
-Br Borneo company failing
New Guinea
-1883 Ger showed interest
-Queensland govt annexed 1/2 the island & set up Br protectorate on SE coast
Burma
-1885 annexed
-Viceroy Dufferin wanted to inc it in the Raj
-strong Burmese national feeling
governance of India
-ICS= 1000
-Princes= 40%
-Western educated Indians= Babus
-governance by prestige
-1892 & 1909 reforms allowed indian rep of provincial councils
North West Frontier Province
-1901
-protect border against Russia
Partition of Bengal
-1905
-infuriated Hindu elite
-pleased Muslims who became a majority in East Bengal
-divide and rule
reaction to partition of Bengal
-Swadeshi movement (cut imports of Br textiles by 25%)
-Hindu extremism led by Tilak
-AIML created 1906 wanted to maintain division
Morley Minto reforms
-1909
-27 Indians in executive council
-1910 provincial councils enlarged w/ 135 Indian seats
-2 Indians to advise sec of state in london
Viceroy Curzon
-1890-1905
-Imperial Cadet Corps 1901 to give native princes/ elite military training
-lower taxes, stabilised currency, reform police etc
-Famine 1899 (refused to send aid) 1-4.5mill deaths
Viceroy Hardinge
-1911 reunited Bengal during K. George V visit
-Dehli became the capital
-Durbar 1911
-declared war on India’s behalf 1914
relationship with Russia
-Afghanistan= Railway built to Tashkent, 1900 1/3mill Russian troops move to regions of India’s NW frontier
-Middle East= Russian military alliance w/ Fr 1892 so threat to suez canal etc
-Triple Entente 1907
relationship with germany
-supplied Boers with German weapons 1899-1902
-telegram of support to Boers after Jameson Raid
-increase in spending on navy
Relationship with France
-presence in SEA
-investments in Egypt (Anglo- French Control 1878)
-Competing claims in WA & Fashoda Incident 1898
-entente cordiale 1904
lead up to ww1
-Br navy strong= 2 power standard
-imperial conference 1911= forge closer ties w/ dominions
-end splendid isolationism
London Colonial Conference
-1902
-Chamberlain
-formed to create imperial customs union and boost trade, impose tariffs on non-imperial goods
-(pos)= protect empire trade, safeguard key materials
-(neg)= wealth from free trade, maj of UK trade came from outside empire
Imperial preference
-free trade between Br and colonies etc but tariffs on rest of world
-pos= unity, tax= social reforms, protectionism
-neg= taxes imposed on Br, dominions had ind, london investments restricted
-ended 1906 when liberals won, public rejected Chamberlain’s ideas
Br and trade w/ empire
+India took 20% of Br exports-pale ale
+Canada supplied 10%+ of Br beef
>only in cheese, apples, potatoes & mutton was the Empire Br’s main food supplier
-domestic upset over taxes
-held back developments e.g. chemical
-hurt Br industries/ depressed wages e.g. India Jute mills
-empire no longer self sufficient
Benefits Br had from trade w/ the rest of the world
-1894 imported 30.7 mill tons of wheat from USA vs 3.6mill from Canada
-empire provided less than 10% of Br food stuffs
-75% imports
-Br set gold standard
-lots of trade w/ Latin America bc of informal empire
-in 1896 only 24.6% of trade came from Br
Empire and trade w/ Br
+1900-1914 6x increase in Canadian land for wheat
+Rail lines developed for trade e.g. Uganda railway 1896
+Canada supplied 10% of beef to Br
+Colonial Loans & Colonial Stocks Act 1899 &1900 facilitated projects
-India swadeshi movement
-no economic difference
-no expansion in trade
Benefits empire had from trade w/ rest of the world
-Aus, NZ, SA imposed import tariffs as a means of asserting their national interests over loyalties to BR
-Canada made own trade agreements w/ Japan, Fr, Ger
British investments
-£2bill in 1900 to £4bill 1913
-London was the financial capital
-Infrastructure projects funded by the Colonial Loans and Colonial Stock Acts 1899 & 1900
-gold standard
-1900 loans to India damaged Lancashire cotton industry
