year 2- booklet 10, 11, 12

Question 1

Nkrumah

Answer 1

-Part of CCP
-PM 1953-7
-Moved Ghana to full independence 1957
-Imprisoned 1948
-figurehead for African nationalism

Question 2

Azikwe

Answer 2

-National Council Nigeria & Cameroon 1944
-First PM of Nigeria
-Independence 1960
-Persuaded Br that independence was possible despite ethnic tensions

Question 3

Obote

Answer 3

-Uganda National Congress
-1962 appointed as PM
-Independence 1963
-however was very corrupt post colonial e.g. suspended constitution

Question 4

Kenyatta

Answer 4

-Joined Kikuyu Central Association which had started to defend Kikuyu land
-Pres of Kenya Africa Union 1947
-Kenyan Independence 1963

Question 5

Nelson Mandela

Answer 5

-Youth league of African National Congress
-Arrested 1962 for trying to gain support for Visa and raid of ANC hideout meant he was sentenced for life
-1990 released after national campaign
-Pres 1994-99

Question 6

Onn bir Ja’far

Answer 6

-Founder of UMNO, pres 1946
-partnered w/ MCA
-formed IMP

Question 7

Tunku

Answer 7

-UMNO
-Malays first pm 1957
-increased UMNO’s power through alliances
-Malaysia 1963

Question 8

Chin Peng

Answer 8

-MCP
-militant attacks on farms (malayan emergency)

Question 9

Tan Cheng Lock

Answer 9

-MCA
-anti-communist
-fought for constitutional change
-partnership w/ UMNO to protect malayan chinese

Question 10

Andrew Cohen

Answer 10

-believed in co-operation w/ nationalists
-Cohen Report 1947 detailed gradual reformed power
-suggested CAF 1953 but failed
-1952-7 Governor of Uganda & enc Ugandan’s in govt
-State of Emergency after Buganda wanted separation1955

Question 11

John Macpherson

Answer 11

-moved Nigeria towards reform
-Macpherson constitution 1951 failed
-helped independence

Question 12

Charles Arden Clarke

Answer 12

-Governor of GC 1949
-Brought Nkrumah to govt and ensured him that pushing independence back was the correct thing
-held in high regard and was asked to become honorary governor general of Ghana 1957

Question 13

Common wealth- political ties

Answer 13

-commonwealth conferences every 2 years
-maintained military bases and recruited commonwealth citizens into Br army e.g. Gurkhas
-wide diplomatic network

Question 14

monarchy

Answer 14

-Queen symbol of commonwealth & held meetings w/ commonwealth govt
-Royal family visited
-1965 commonwealth secretary

Question 15

post-colonial economic ties

Answer 15

-London major world financial centre
-attempted to keep sterling area
-informal empire of trade links

Question 16

post-colonial political ties

Answer 16

-GB proud of creating ‘nation states’ with democracy
-GB legal systems
-Ex- colonial officers remained in former colonies to advise

Question 17

Emigration

Answer 17

-1946-57, 1 mill left Br
-1948= 25% of Br pop in contact w/ relatives in dominions
-1959, £12mill transferred between fam/friends
-post war rationing, personal connections, workers of the empire
-decolonisation accelerated 1957 so lessened emigration

Question 18

immigration

Answer 18

-1956 London Transport employed 4k new staff from Barbados
-115k west indians, 16k a year by 1959
-55k Indians & Pakistanis
-50% London, 25k Birmingham
-1948 Br Nationality Act gave full citizeship to colonies
-well-paid unskilled work available, NHS created 1948

Question 19

Racism to immigration

Answer 19

-Teddy boys= gangs that attacked black ppl
-Oswald Mosley= Br Union of fascists
-1962= 90% supported legislations to curb immigrants

Question 20

Increasing hostility

Answer 20

-1965= 1/2 refused to live next to POC, 9/10 disproved of mixed marriages
-Tories= we have an ‘afro-american society’
-Alf Garnett gained fame from racism

Question 21

1962 commonwealth act

Answer 21

-ended free immigration for former colonies
-work permit scheme: 3 groups (employed in UK, skills in short supply, others)

Question 22

Labour 1965

Answer 22

-barred children over 16 from entering as fam members
-1965 Race Relations Act= forbade public racism

Question 23

lasting impact of Br on colonies

Answer 23

-anglicised names
-english spoken
-union flag used e.g. NZ
-Anglican church has more members outside UK than in it
-10 mill Br people lived in cw

Question 24

Sport

Answer 24

-most dominant remaining impact
-every 4 years have commonwealth games (started Br Empire Games 1930)

Question 25

Br’s imperial reminders

Answer 25

-language e.g. bungalow from India
-Honours e.g. OBE/ MBE
-last night of the proms 1954

Question 26

lessened appeal for imperialism

Answer 26

-1950-69 Eagle informed to not show foreign ppl as enemies and to include one child from ethnic groups in children books
-fewer films used empire as backdrop
-radio/ docs raised awareness for other cultures
-That Was The Week, That Was (1962-3) ridiculed imperial attitudes

Question 27

racism in media

Answer 27

-music to ridicule communities: Lance Percival Maharajah of Brum (1967)
-stereotyping e.g. Minstrel Shows 1958 to late70s

Question 28

impact of ww2

Answer 28

-japan defeated ‘white invincibility’ myth
-Well developed African cities became a place of industrial conflict
-equality in fighting: black and white fight alongside, colonies expected rewards

Question 29

economic/ social discontent

Answer 29

-some people didn’t see developments and disrupted trad farming
-GB needs prioritised
-TGNS caused large disruption

Question 30

Result of nationalists in Kenya

Answer 30

-Kikuyu held up for 5 years
-Patrick Renison moved Kenya towards independence and black maj in 1863

Question 31

Result of nationalists in Malay States

Answer 31

-Tunku= first chief minister of Malaya 1955 and full independence 1957
-Created Malaysia 1963

Question 32

Result of nationalists in Nigeria

Answer 32

-Self gov in SW & E 1957 then in N in 1959
-still remained significant ethnic divisions- Igbo, Yoruba, northern muslims

Question 33

Result of Nationalists in nyasaland

Answer 33

-Macmillan and Macleod break up the CAF (which Nyasaland opposed 1953)
-became Malawi
-Dr Hastings Banda led to end of CAF- state of emergency called

Question 34

Result of nationalists in N Rhodesia

Answer 34

-Cha Cha Cha campaign led to independence
-Federation w/ Nayasaland prevented S Rhodesian influence 1953
-Zambia
-36k white people wanted control
-ZANC 1958

Question 35

Result of Nationalists S Rhodesia

Answer 35

-Self gov 1923- 129k w settlers
-Ian Smith didn’t wanna share power w/ blacks
-Ian Smith unilateral declaration of indepence (rejected by Br)
-Civil War for 15 years
-Zimbabwe Created 1980

Question 36

changes that occurred in nationalism

Answer 36

-WW2 saw economic dev and social change which meant growth in skills, knowledge
-food shortages etc led to increasing dissatisfaction w/ imperial rule and rise of nationalist leaders