year 2- booklet 10, 11, 12 Flashcards
Nkrumah
-Part of CCP
-PM 1953-7
-Moved Ghana to full independence 1957
-Imprisoned 1948
-figurehead for African nationalism
Azikwe
-National Council Nigeria & Cameroon 1944
-First PM of Nigeria
-Independence 1960
-Persuaded Br that independence was possible despite ethnic tensions
Obote
-Uganda National Congress
-1962 appointed as PM
-Independence 1963
-however was very corrupt post colonial e.g. suspended constitution
Kenyatta
-Joined Kikuyu Central Association which had started to defend Kikuyu land
-Pres of Kenya Africa Union 1947
-Kenyan Independence 1963
Nelson Mandela
-Youth league of African National Congress
-Arrested 1962 for trying to gain support for Visa and raid of ANC hideout meant he was sentenced for life
-1990 released after national campaign
-Pres 1994-99
Onn bir Ja’far
-Founder of UMNO, pres 1946
-partnered w/ MCA
-formed IMP
Tunku
-UMNO
-Malays first pm 1957
-increased UMNO’s power through alliances
-Malaysia 1963
Chin Peng
-MCP
-militant attacks on farms (malayan emergency)
Tan Cheng Lock
-MCA
-anti-communist
-fought for constitutional change
-partnership w/ UMNO to protect malayan chinese
Andrew Cohen
-believed in co-operation w/ nationalists
-Cohen Report 1947 detailed gradual reformed power
-suggested CAF 1953 but failed
-1952-7 Governor of Uganda & enc Ugandan’s in govt
-State of Emergency after Buganda wanted separation1955
John Macpherson
-moved Nigeria towards reform
-Macpherson constitution 1951 failed
-helped independence
Charles Arden Clarke
-Governor of GC 1949
-Brought Nkrumah to govt and ensured him that pushing independence back was the correct thing
-held in high regard and was asked to become honorary governor general of Ghana 1957
Common wealth- political ties
-commonwealth conferences every 2 years
-maintained military bases and recruited commonwealth citizens into Br army e.g. Gurkhas
-wide diplomatic network
monarchy
-Queen symbol of commonwealth & held meetings w/ commonwealth govt
-Royal family visited
-1965 commonwealth secretary
post-colonial economic ties
-London major world financial centre
-attempted to keep sterling area
-informal empire of trade links
post-colonial political ties
-GB proud of creating ‘nation states’ with democracy
-GB legal systems
-Ex- colonial officers remained in former colonies to advise
Emigration
-1946-57, 1 mill left Br
-1948= 25% of Br pop in contact w/ relatives in dominions
-1959, £12mill transferred between fam/friends
-post war rationing, personal connections, workers of the empire
-decolonisation accelerated 1957 so lessened emigration
immigration
-1956 London Transport employed 4k new staff from Barbados
-115k west indians, 16k a year by 1959
-55k Indians & Pakistanis
-50% London, 25k Birmingham
-1948 Br Nationality Act gave full citizeship to colonies
-well-paid unskilled work available, NHS created 1948
Racism to immigration
-Teddy boys= gangs that attacked black ppl
-Oswald Mosley= Br Union of fascists
-1962= 90% supported legislations to curb immigrants
Increasing hostility
-1965= 1/2 refused to live next to POC, 9/10 disproved of mixed marriages
-Tories= we have an ‘afro-american society’
-Alf Garnett gained fame from racism
1962 commonwealth act
-ended free immigration for former colonies
-work permit scheme: 3 groups (employed in UK, skills in short supply, others)
Labour 1965
-barred children over 16 from entering as fam members
-1965 Race Relations Act= forbade public racism
lasting impact of Br on colonies
-anglicised names
-english spoken
-union flag used e.g. NZ
-Anglican church has more members outside UK than in it
-10 mill Br people lived in cw
Sport
-most dominant remaining impact
-every 4 years have commonwealth games (started Br Empire Games 1930)
Br’s imperial reminders
-language e.g. bungalow from India
-Honours e.g. OBE/ MBE
-last night of the proms 1954
lessened appeal for imperialism
-1950-69 Eagle informed to not show foreign ppl as enemies and to include one child from ethnic groups in children books
-fewer films used empire as backdrop
-radio/ docs raised awareness for other cultures
-That Was The Week, That Was (1962-3) ridiculed imperial attitudes
racism in media
-music to ridicule communities: Lance Percival Maharajah of Brum (1967)
-stereotyping e.g. Minstrel Shows 1958 to late70s
impact of ww2
-japan defeated ‘white invincibility’ myth
-Well developed African cities became a place of industrial conflict
-equality in fighting: black and white fight alongside, colonies expected rewards
economic/ social discontent
-some people didn’t see developments and disrupted trad farming
-GB needs prioritised
-TGNS caused large disruption
Result of nationalists in Kenya
-Kikuyu held up for 5 years
-Patrick Renison moved Kenya towards independence and black maj in 1863
Result of nationalists in Malay States
-Tunku= first chief minister of Malaya 1955 and full independence 1957
-Created Malaysia 1963
Result of nationalists in Nigeria
-Self gov in SW & E 1957 then in N in 1959
-still remained significant ethnic divisions- Igbo, Yoruba, northern muslims
Result of Nationalists in nyasaland
-Macmillan and Macleod break up the CAF (which Nyasaland opposed 1953)
-became Malawi
-Dr Hastings Banda led to end of CAF- state of emergency called
Result of nationalists in N Rhodesia
-Cha Cha Cha campaign led to independence
-Federation w/ Nayasaland prevented S Rhodesian influence 1953
-Zambia
-36k white people wanted control
-ZANC 1958
Result of Nationalists S Rhodesia
-Self gov 1923- 129k w settlers
-Ian Smith didn’t wanna share power w/ blacks
-Ian Smith unilateral declaration of indepence (rejected by Br)
-Civil War for 15 years
-Zimbabwe Created 1980
changes that occurred in nationalism
-WW2 saw economic dev and social change which meant growth in skills, knowledge
-food shortages etc led to increasing dissatisfaction w/ imperial rule and rise of nationalist leaders
