year 1- booklet 6, 5, 4 Flashcards
Diamond rush
-discovered near Kimberly on boarder of West Griqualand & OFS
-1867
-De Beers created 1888 (Rhodes)
Br early annexation of Southern African territories
-Basutoland 1868 to ‘protect the Khoi Khoi from the Boers’
-West Griqualand= 1871
-East Griqualand= 1873 (ppl migrated from West to East after annexation)
Xhosa war
1877-78, territory added to the Cape
Pedi War
-1876- 1879 initially unsuccessful
Zulu war
-Frere engineered this to create panic for Boers
-invade Zululand 1879
-humiliation at Isandlwana
-Zululand added to Natal
First Boer War
-1880 Boers turned on Br
-1880-1881
-Br defeated at Majuba Hill w/ 92 dead vs 1 dead Boer
-convention of Pretoria= recognise independence
Bechuanaland
-Ger influence GSWA
-Missionary Mackenzie
-1885
-Southern Bechuanaland became a crown colony, the north a protectorate
Gold rush
-Witwatersrand 1886
-Pretoria
-meant a rush of Uitlanders, Rhodes gained charter 1889
treatment of Bantu ppl
-mining companies lobbied for laws to limit rights of black africans
-relegated to manual labour in segregated neighbourhoods
Causes of Indian Mutiny:
-Caste Rules
-High taxes
-Doctrine of Lapse
-Cartridges
Start of the Mutiny:
-Sepoys in Bengal refused orders 1857
-Others followed suit
-Mobs set on Europeans
events of the Mutiny:
-sepoys seized control of Lucknow & Cawnpore
-Scorched earth policy used
-Mutineers tortured Br officers and families
-Br control 1858
Moral/ political/ educational changes after the mutiny
-GoIA 1858/ become crown colony
-separation between Indians and whites
-missionary activity discouraged
-uni set up in Madras & Calcutta
-education focused on those that would reinforce Br rules
-1857-58 60k Indians to uni
-1/3 of Calcutta graduates in 1882 join ICS
-Mary Carpenter’s schl in Bombay
Military/ economic changes after the mutiny
-3000 miles of track- armed trains served as a threat
-1:6 to 1:2
-62/72 Bengali
-1 to 295 tea plantations
-only cash crops/ not essential to Indian’s diets- 1876 great famine (6 mill died)
-industry stagnated as Br overwhelmed markets w/ cheap products
-irrigation schemes only effected 6% of land
Canning’s reforms
-titles returned to elites
-Star of India medal
-more educational opportunities
benefits Br brought to India
-opened up trade (railways)
-irrigation and agriculture schemes
-cheap manufactured goods
-increased education and employment
drawbacks to the changes Br brought to India
-railways geared to increasing control
-agriculture was geared to cashcrops, not low value grains which Indians ate and irrigation schemes only impacted 6% of land
-only a minority of people were impacted by education and employment
Viceroy Ripon’s reforms
-Illbert Bill 1883- Indian judges could try Europeans -‘white mutiny in response’ (whites worried e.g. Indigo Plantation owners in Bengal due to mistreatment of workers)
-1885 INC formed in response
Liberalism
-whigs
-Gladstone
-free trade, social reform, isolationism
-liberal party in 1868
Conservativism
-Tories
-Disraeli, Salisbury
-tradition, monarchy, imperialism
-Conservative party 1830/40s
Disraeli & Gladstone’s views
-Disraeli (og)= saw empire as a burden ‘mill around our necks’
-Gladstone (og)= didn’t want to actively annex new areas
Disraeli
-Tory
-1868, 1874-80
-Crystal Palace Speech 1872 ‘party of the empire’
-1867 reform act= 650k to 1.5mill
-Suez Canal 1875
-Empress of India 1877
-Afghanistan
Gladstone
-Liberal
-1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94
-Refused to submit more troops to 1st Boer War, bombardment of Alexandria, Home Rule Bill, 1884 reform act (1.5 to 5.5.mill)
Acts that affect imperialism
-Education Act 1870
-Reform acts 1867 & 1884
Exhibitions
-Great Exhibition 1857
-Colonial & Indian Exhibition 1886
-African Exhibition 1890- 2 boys from Bechuanaland, Stanley’s artefacts etc
Newspapers & Magazines
-stories of masacres e.g. Cawn pore 200 Br women killed
-tales of heroism e.g. Henry Havelock
-people gained fame e.g. Livingstone
Literature
-King Soloman’s Mines (1885-Haggard)
-She (1902)
-Darwin’s Theory of Evolution- led to social darwnism
Youth
-schl text books
-Boys Brigade 1883 (2k companies by 1910 in Empire)
-Boys Own Paper 1879
-education act 1870
Explorers
-livingston (1813-73): 2000 letters, ‘dark continent’, christianise & civilise, lectures @ cambridge, consul of EA, disappeared 1871
-kirk (1832-1922):1856 vice consul for Zanzibar so it would be a client state (gave Br a toehold in EA)
-Burton (1821-1890)=Discovered Lake Victoria, translated Arabian Nights, 5 books on West Africa
-Speke (1827-1864) = debate around source of the Nile, reached Lake Victoria 1858
Missionaries
-Missionary societies for ‘worldwide’ conversion, lived amongst indigenous, followed path of colonialism
-‘conferences’ saw conversions in Bechuanaland (Mackenzie)- ‘AS Conference’ 1882. Mackenzie became Deputy Commissioner
-Mary Slessor= Nigeria, fought against killing of twins
-Amy Carmichael= India, worked to help temple children
-Mary Carpenter= India, better conditions
Rhodes (traders)
owned 90% of all world’s diamond mines, began Cape, created De Beers company,
BSAC 1889, PM of CC 1890-96, Rhodesia names after him in 1895
traders
-mackinnon: IBEAC 1888, trading company in Indian Ocean
-Goldie: deals w/ tribes along Niger River-450 local treaties, palm kernels, cocoa plantations. protectorate over Niger @ Berlin conference, Royal Niger Company 1886
Baring
-1882 consul general
-dufferin report 1883- puppet parliament
-denshawai incident 1906
-de facto ruler until 1907
Sir Bartle Frere
-helped crush indian mutiny
-governor of Cape Colony 1877
-deliberately provoked war w/ zulus (1879)
-removed from power 1890
