YEAR 12 psychology powerpoint one memory Flashcards
what is memory?
and what can it be referred to as ?
memory is the process/ability of encoding, storing and retrieving information.
-internal record of some previous event or experience
sometimes referred to as Mental representation
define and explain Sensation
sensation is the input of sensory information from our external environment that is received by our sensory receptors
a physiological response
what are the three main steps involved in Sensation?
reception, transduction and transmission
define Reception
the detection of sensory information ( also known as stimulus energy) that is collected by the sense organs
define Transduction
the stimulus energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses
define Transmission
Neural impulses leave sensory organs and travel to the brain for processing
define stimulus
anything that influences an organism
define sensory organs
specialised organs in the body containing sensory neurons functioning as sensory receptors
define sensory receptors
specialised cells in the body that detect sensory information
define and explain Perception
it is how our brains select, organize and interpret these sensations
3 aspects of Perception include:
selection, organisation and interpretation
define selection
feature detectors filter the stimuli by responding to specific features of a stimulus and ignoring the rest
define organisation
when the information reaches the brain, it is reorganised so that we can make sense of it
define interpretation
stimulus is given meaning from past experiences, motives, values and context and a mental representation is now available to the individual
define attention
the mental capacity to concentrate on a specific stimulus while ignoring other stimuli
(consciously or unconsciously)
define selective attention
the ability to focus your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while blocking out competing stimuli
define divided attention
the ability to focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously (multitasking)
define the cocktail party effect (what year)
a term
coined by Colin Cherry in 1953 to
describe our ability to focus our auditory
attention on a single conversation in a
noisy, crowded environment,
who was the psychologist that conducted numerous experiment related to the cocktail party effect?
Edward Collin Cherry
aim of cocktail party effect
Cherry’s aim was to study how humans can selectively attend to one
conversation while filtering out background noise and other conversations in a noisy
environment
method of cocktail party effect
Cherry conducted experiments where participants listened to two
different conversations played simultaneously in each ear using headphones. They
were asked to focus on one conversation (the “attended” message) and ignore the
other (the “unattended” message)
finding of cocktail party effect
Cherry found that participants could effectively focus their attention on
the “attended” message and were able to recall details from it, but they had very
limited awareness of the content of the “unattended” message. This phenomenon is
often explained by the “bottleneck” theory of attention, where only one message
can be consciously processed at a time, while the rest are filtered out. Cherry’s work
laid the foundation for the study of selective attention in psychology
Process of Memory: what are the three sequential processes
encoding, storing and retrieving
define Encoding (input)
refers to the conversion of sensory
information into a form that can be processed
by the brain (visually, acoustically or thru
meaning)
define storage
Storage refers to the retention of this
information
define Retrieval (output)
the recovery of information stored
in the brain
who made the multistore model (model of memory) ? and what year?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
what are the three separate stores of the model of memory?
- sensory memory (SM)
-Short-term memory (STM)
-Long-term memory (LTM)
how are the three separate stores of the multistore model of memory characterized differently?
duration, capacity and encoding system
define duration
how long the information can be stored
define capacity
how much information can be stored
define encoding system
in what form the information is stored
define and explain sensory memory (register)
Memory lasts less than 5 seconds. Information is quickly encoded based on sensory input. Each sense has its own memory register, with visual (iconic) and sound (echoic) memory being the most studied. Information fades unless noticed and focused on, then it moves to short-term memory (STM).
the memory store where sensory information is briefly held before decaying or transferring to the short term store
define sensory memory: iconic memory
short duration (0.3 seconds)
define sensory memory: echoic memory
stored for slightly longer (3-4 seconds)
summaries sensory memory into duration, capacity and encoding:
duration = 0.5- 0.3 seconds
capacity= unlimited
encoding= as a sense (e.g.. image or sound)
define short term memory (STM)
and working memory
a temporary memory store for limited information received from the sensory register or long term store.
working memory: sensory information that is attended to is transferred to short term store which is described as working memory
duration and capacity of short term memory?
duration: up to 30 seconds
capacity: limited 5-9 pieces of information
define short term memory; Rehearsal
Rehearsal enables information
to be retained in STM longer
than usual and also to transfer
information to Long term
memory (LTM) – when you need
to remember it
what are the two types of Rehearsal?
maintenance and elaborative
define Maintenance rehearsal
-for immediate use- not for transfer to LTM
-if not interrupted you can keep this information forever but if stop, 30 seconds
define Elaborative Rehearsal
Actively process and encode the
information and associate with other
information in LTM
what is another way to increase capacity of STM?
chunking- involves combining material into larger more meaningful groups and therefore increasing WM capacity
what did Baddeley and Hitch propose in 1974?
that the original working memory model of STM provided by Atkinson and Shiffrin was way too simple
define Central executive
4 Points
-Co-ordinates slave systems/ responsible for organizing
information
- Selects which information will arrive from SM and LTM
- Allocates data subsystems
-Filters out irrelevant information
what were the original 2 slave systems for short term maintenance?
- Phonological Loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
define Phonological Loop
stores and processes phonological
(and written) information (sounds of
language) and silently rehearses it – so
we can remember it (eg phone
numbers
define Visuo-spatial sketchpad
stores visual
and spatial information and constructs
and manipulates visual images - details of shape, colour motion,
pattern and position (INNER EYE)
the original model was updated in 2000 by Baddeley to include an additional component (third slave system), what was it?
The Episodic buffer
define Episodic buffer
Episodic buffer is a temporary storage
system that is capable of holding and
integrating information from the other slave
systems into a single structure or episode
duration, capacity and encoding of Short term (working) memory
- up to 30 seconds
-5-9 pieces of information
-active processing and rehearsal
define three dot points of Long term memory:
- LTM - permanent store of
information - LTM refers to anything we
remember for longer than 30
seconds - LTM encodes information based
on meaning – Semantic Networks
there are two types of LTM; define Procedural (implicit) Memory
-The ‘how’ of memory
-Stores the way you do things – the actions
and skills that have been learned
-Not a conscious process (implicit)
there are two types of LTM; define declarative (explicit) memory
-The ‘what’ of memory – personal experiences and
facts
-Conscious effort to retrieve (Explicit)
-Allows you to ‘declare’ how things are or what
you remember
there are 2 types of declarative memory, name both
Episodic and Semantic
define declarative memory; Episodic
– internal representation of your
own interpretation of a personal experience
in your life – remembered because of
importance to you eg. First date, linked to
particular feelings and sensations and a time
define declarative memory; semantic
knowledge of facts and
information based on information and
interpretation. Like an encyclopedia of
memory (Google)
duration, capacity and encoding of LTM:
-indefinite
-thought to be unlimited but may decay overtime
-physical changes in neurons for storage/ encoding semantic
