Year 12 Mock

Question 1

What does the learning theory believe

Answer 1

Babies are born a blank slate. Food is the basic idea behind attachment.

Question 2

Who created the learning theory and when

Answer 2

Dollard and Miller (1950)

Question 3

Operant conditioning in the learning theory

Answer 3

Baby cries and gets fed. The baby continues to cry whenever they want feeding (positive reinforcement)

Question 4

What is the primary reinforcer and who is secondary reinforcer in the learning theory

Answer 4

Primary reinforcer - milk
Secondary reinforcer - mother

Question 5

Limitation of the learning theory

Answer 5

Attachment is not solely based off food. Harlow (1958) conducted a study based off rhesus monkeys to investigate if food or comfort was better for attachment. Harlow found attachment was greater when the primary reinforcer offered comfortbality and safety rather than food. This was an animal study however and hard to generalise to human infants.

Question 6

What does Bowlbys monotropic theory argue

Answer 6

That attachment is innate

Question 7

1st stage of Bowlby monotropic theory of attachment

Answer 7

Social releasers. Social behaviour elicits caregiving leading to attachment.

Question 8

2nd stage of Bowlby monotropic theory of attachment

Answer 8

Critical period. Time frame where babies have innate drive to form an attachment

Question 9

3rd stage of Bowlby monotropic theory of attachment

Answer 9

Monotropy. Infants have 1 special emotional bond. Infants also form many secondary attachments to form a large safety net

Question 10

Classical conditions for learning theory

Answer 10

Question 11

Strength of monotropic theory

Answer 11

Emp evidence to show attachment is innate. Meltzoff and Moore found intersectional synchrony at 3 days old. Interaction also synchrony helps form attachment supporting Bowlbys idea of attachment being innate.

Question 12

Limitation of Bowlbys theory of attachment

Answer 12

Learning theory is counter argument. Learning theory states that babies are born a blank slate and nothing is innate. Learning theory states babies learn through operant and classical conditioning through the motivation of food and hunger

Question 13

Conformity using research (Asch)

Answer 13

Conducted line study where ppts asked to complete an unambiguous task in a group setting. 37% conformity in his original trials. Asch further investigated 3 main factors affecting conformity. Group size, task difficulty, unanimity. Task difficulty caused the study to be more ambiguous and therefore Asch found higher conformity when the task was harder due to ISI.

Question 14

Conformity using research (Zimbardo)

Answer 14

Aimed to investigate how people would conform to social roles by simulating a prison environment with guards and prisoners. Arrested 24 ppts and random allocated them to a prisoner or guard. Study length was 2 weeks but lasted 6 days. He found that prisoners became submissive and obedient to the guards and therefore they showed NSI as they desired to fit into their role.

Question 15

Strength of Zimabrdo research

Answer 15

There is mirrored findings in every day life. Abu Ghraib prison (2003) was a notorious prison in Iraq. The prison was taken by US soldiers. These soldiers had a higher social role then the prisoners and therefore acted brutally to the prisoners. This increases the validity of Zimbardos study as previously criticised for being a simulated environment.

Question 16

Limitation of Zimbardos study

Answer 16

Zimbardo took part in the experiment. He was prison warden. This caused researcher bias as he acted on his role more than a researcher. Fromm (1973) found only 1/3 of the guards acted brutally but Zimbardo focused on then to get the findings he desired. This shows not all ppts showed high levels of NSI but Zimbardo made it seem like they did which decreases internal validity.

Question 17

Limitation of Aschs study (pop)

Answer 17

Lacked population validity. 123 male undergraduate students. Bond and Smith (1996) replicated the study. They found a significant relationship demonstrating conformity is greater in some cultures. Therefore Aschs findings can only be cautiously generalised to the population

Question 18

Limitation of Aschs study MR

Answer 18

Low mundane realism. The line task was unusual and is not needed in every day life. The artificial setting of the lab could also cause ppts to find the aim of the study and create demand characteristics. Both factors lower the ecological validity of Aschs study.

Question 19

What is systematic desensitisation

Answer 19

Uses counter conditioning to help patients unlearn their phobia. Patient creates a fear hierarchy from least - most anxiety-inducing. Patient is taught relaxation techniques and slowly moves up the hierarchy and relaxes at each stage before moving up. They do this until they are relaxed at the oringially most feared anxiety. The phobia has then worn off

Question 20

What is flooding

Answer 20

Flooding exposes the individual to the most anxiety inducing stimulus immediately. The patient is unable to avoid the phobia and through continuous exposure the patient becomes tired and anxiet begins to wear off. Anxiety is time limited and the fear eventually subsides.

Question 21

Strength of systematic desensitisation

Answer 21

Evidence describing effectiveness. McGrath et al (1960) found 75% effectiveness rate of systematic desensitisation. Showed clear effectiveness of when the patient went face to face with the phobia rather than through imagining.

Question 22

Limitation of systematic desensitisation

Answer 22

Not effective in treating all phobias. Personal experienced phobias are not treated well with systematic desensitation. Some psychologists believe certain phobias have evolutionary survival benefit and is not a result of learning.

Question 23

Limitation of flooding (trauma)

Answer 23

High trauma as shows high anxiety. Wolpe (1969) recalled patient needing hospitalisation due to the intense anxiousness. Although it is not unethical as ppts consent , many people leave the study making it a waste of time and money and also worsening the phobia

Question 24

Limitation of both flooding and systematic desensitisation

Answer 24

There may be symptom substitution. 1 phobia may be treated but another may appear. The underlying cause of the phobia may not be treated therefore it is a criticism to behaviourists who claim behavioural treatment is ideal for phobias.

Question 25

Limitation of WMM

Answer 25

Concept of central executive is too vague. Eslinger and Damasio (1985) studied EVR who had cerebral tumor removed. EVR did well on tests requiring reasoning but did worse of decision making tasks. Both tasks use the CE therefore the slave system is more complicated than Baddeley and Hitch originally stated

Question 26

4 cognitive interview techniques

Answer 26

-report everything
-reinstate context
-change perspective
-reverse the order

Question 27

Explain reporting everything and why it helps cognitive interview

Answer 27

Recall and report everything the witness can remember without any interruption. This prevents any retroactive interference.

Question 28

Explain reinstating the context and why it helps cognitive interview

Answer 28

Remember the environment. Prevents state/contact dependent forgetting

Question 29

Explain change perspective and why it helps cognitive interview

Answer 29

Recall incident from another perspective. Disrupts the effect of schemas

Question 30

Explain reverse the order and why it helps cognitive interview

Answer 30

Go from ending to beginning. Avoids proactive and retroactive interference and reduces the effect of schemas

Question 31

Harlow procedure

Answer 31

Harlow aimed to find if baby rhesus monkeys would prefer a source of food or a source of comfort + protection as an attachment figure. Lab experiments saw the babies raised in isolation. They had 2 surrogate mothers. One was made of wire mesh and contained a feeding bottle while the other was made of cloth but didn’t contain a feeding bottle. Harlow undertook a series of different scenarios and observed what the rhesus monkeys instinct was.

Question 32

what is Interactional synchrony

Answer 32

Interactional synchrony is where an infant mirrors the actions of another person,

Question 33

Lorenz study of imprinting procedures

Answer 33

Lorenz conducted an experiment in which goslings were hatched either with their mother or in an incubator. Once goslings had hatched they proceeded to follow the first moving object that they saw between 13 & 16 hours after hatching; in this case, Lorenz.

Question 34

Lorenz study of imprinting findings

Answer 34

Lorenz found that geese follow the first moving object they see. This process is known as imprinting, and suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically. Lorenz believed that once imprinting has occurred, it cannot be reversed, nor can a gosling imprint on anything else.