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Psychology > Issues and debates ao1 > Flashcards

Issues and debates ao1 Flashcards

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1
Q

(GB) what is gender bias

A

understanding behaviour based on misleading views of gender effects

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2
Q

(GB) what is androcentrism

A

centred on males

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3
Q

(GB) what biases can androcentrism lead to

A

alpha bias and beta bias

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4
Q

(GB)what is alpha bias

A

exaggerating the difference between men and women

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5
Q

(GB)what is a consequence of alpha bias

A

leads to stereotypes and one gender is devalued in comparison with the other

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6
Q

(GB)example of a study showing alpha bias

A

Chodorow (1968) said women develop better bonds and empathy due to daughters being connected to mothers from biological similarity

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7
Q

(GB)what is beta bias

A

Tendency to underestimate gender differences.

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8
Q

(GB)examples of beta bias

A

Zimbardo, Asch and Milgram didn’t include women and assumed they would have found the same results which minimises the gender differences where it may be inappropriate to do so.

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9
Q

(GB)how can gender bias be overcome

A

greater representation of women or men to prevent over generalising the results

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10
Q

(CB)What is the definition of ‘cultural bias’?

A

When all human behavior is interpreted from the perspective of one cultural viewpoint

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11
Q

(CB)What are WEIRD people?

A

(Westernised, Educated people from Industrialised, Rich Democracies) Henrich et al noted that ‘WEIRD’ people were most likely to be studied by psychologists.

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12
Q

(CB)What is ethnocentrism ?

A

When a researcher takes their own cultural behaviour as normal

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13
Q

(CB)Give an example of ethnocentrism

A

Ainsworth and Bell’s (1970) strange situation: developed to assess attachment types, many researchers believe that the same results can be generalised to all cultures even though the infants are American. German children had a higher rate of insecure avoidant attachment as German parents value and encourage independent behaviour.

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14
Q

(CB)What is cultural relativism?

A

Behaviours can only be understood from the perspective of its cultural context.

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15
Q

(CB)Give an example of cultural relativism

A

Sternberg (1985) pointed out that coordination skills that may be essential to life in a preliterate society may be mostly irrelevant to intelligent behaviour for most people

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16
Q

(CB)What is the ‘etic’ approach?

A

Behaviours that are universal across all cultural groups (smiling when happy)

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17
Q

(CB)What is the ‘emic’ approach?

A

Behaviours that apply only to certain cultural groups and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture.

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18
Q

(CB)What does ‘imposed etic’ mean?

A

Ainsworth and Bell studied behaviours inside a single culture and assumed the ideal attachment type could be applied universally

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19
Q

(CB)What does alpha bias mean with regard to culture?

A

Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups are profoundly different

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20
Q

(CB)What is beta bias with regard to culture?

A

Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimalised and all people are assumed to be the same

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21
Q

(CB)What is universality with regard to culture?

A

The idea that conclusions drawn in psychological research can be applied to everybody, everywhere regardless of time or culture

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22
Q

(FWOD) What is hard determinism?

A

Behaviour is completely predictable and controlled by causal factors. Seen as incompatible with free will

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23
Q

(FWOD)What is soft determinism?

A

Casual factors influence behaviour however free will allows choice

24
Q

(FWOD) What is biological determinism?

A

Behaviour is controlled by aspects of biology,, genes etc

25
Q

(FWOD) What is free will?

A

Idea that we play an active role and have choice in how we behave. Individuals are self determines and free to chose behaviour

26
Q

(FWOD) What is psychic determinism?

A

Behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and your innate drives. Freuds model of psychosexual development

27
Q

(FWOD) What is environmental determinism?

A

Behaviour is caused by forces outside the individual. Therefore, behaviour is caused by previous experience learned through classical and operant conditioning.

28
Q

(NvN) What aspect does ‘nature’ focus on as driving behavior?

A

Inherited influences

29
Q

(NvN) What philosophical tradition does this follow on from?

A

Descartes

30
Q

(NvN) What does the ‘nature’ position propose about psychological characteristics?

A

They are determined by biological factors

31
Q

(NvN) What aspect does nurture focus on?

A

Influence of environment and experience

32
Q

(NvN) What philosophical tradition does this follow on from?

A

Locke - mind is a blank state

33
Q

(NvN) Which psychological approach is this position most closely aligned with?

A

Behaviour approach

34
Q

(NvN) What is the interactionist approach?

A

Both nature and nurture work together to shape human behaviour. The nature / nurture debate is out of date

35
Q

(NvN) What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Behaviour is caused by a biological/ environmental vulnerability which is only expressed when coupled with a biological/environmental trigger

36
Q

(NvN) How is epigenetics seen to influence psychology?

A

A change in genetic activity without a change in the genetic code

37
Q

(NvN) Provide examples of the interactionist approach

A

An infants interaction type may be driven by the interaction of parental warmth (Bowlby 1965)

38
Q

(NvN) Provide an example of the diathesis stress model

A

Parents with schizophrenia have a genetic vulnerability, but this is only expressed if they come into contact with environmental triggers and may not otherwise develop the disorder

39
Q

(NvN) Provide an example of the epigenetic approach

A

Lifestyle (smoking, trauma) can cause genes to switch on/off which could also be passed on to offspring.

40
Q

(HvR) What are the 5 levels of explanation?

A

Social cultural
Psychological/cognitive
Behavioural
Physiological
Neurochemical

41
Q

(HvR) how do the explanations differ

A

They vary from those at a lower level focusing on basic components to those at a higher more holistic multi variable level

42
Q

(HvR) holism definition

A

Idea that human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience and not as separate parts

43
Q

(HvR) reductionism definition

A

The belief that human behaviour is best understood by studying the smaller constituent parts.

44
Q

(HvR) How does holism vs reductionism differ from other issues/debates

A

There is no continuum between holism and reductionism

45
Q

(HvR) 3 aspects of holism

A

-focuses on the individuals experience
-compatible with the humanistic approach
-uses qualitative measures to investigate the self

46
Q

(HvR) Apply all levels of explanation to OCD

A

Social and cultural – atypical behaviour (repetitative hand washing)
Psychological – individual experience of obsessive thoughts
Physical – sequence of movements in hand washing
Environmental – learned experiences
Physiological – abnormal functioning of frontal lobes
Neurochemical – under-production of serotonin

47
Q

(HvR) environmental reductionism

A

All behaviour acquired through stimulus response interactions

48
Q

(HvR) biological reductionism

A

All behaviour is explained through neurochemical, physiological, evolutionary
and genetic mechanisms

49
Q

(IvN) what does ideographic approach focus on

A

Focus on the individual and emphasise unique personal experience of human
nature

50
Q

(IvN) what does nomothetic approach focus on

A

Concerned with establishing laws based on large group studies of people

51
Q

(IvN) 6 characteristics of idiographic approach

A

-Low number of ppts in research, often case studies
-Focus on detail about the individual
-generalisations could be made but initial focus is on individual
-qualitative research
-use of in depth unstructured interviews
-analysis aims to identify emergent themes

52
Q

(IvN) 2 examples of idiographic approach

A

Associated with humanistic and psychodynamic approach
Rogers : studied process of self development using therapeutic interviews.
Freud : close observations of ‘Little Hans’ to explain phobias

53
Q

(IvN) 4 characteristics of nomothetic approach

A

-aim to quantify human behaviour to establish generalisations
-use of quantitative research
-related to scientific approach: hypothesis, sample recruitment and testing; data
analysed for statistical significance
-tools may include structured interviews of psychological tests

54
Q

(IvN) 2 examples of nomothetic approach

A

Associated with biological and behavioural approach
Skinner : studies animals to ascertain general laws of learning. Focused on
relationship between stimulus-response learning
Sperry : split-brain research, using repeated testing to inform brain lateralisation

55
Q

(IvN) Compare objective vs subjectivity from the perspective of the idiographic and nomothetic approach

A

Idiographic – objectivity seen not possible. Individual experience of personal
context.
Nomothetic – objectivity is central to the approach. Uses standardised tests and
aims to establish replication and exclude bias

Psychology (19 decks)

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