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Psychology > Approaches AO1 > Flashcards

Approaches AO1 Flashcards

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1
Q

(OOP) who was the founding father of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt. 1879. 1st person to open a psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. (also wrote ‘principles on physiological psychology’ in 1873)

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2
Q

(OOP) How did psychology emerge as a science

A

Wundt used standardised/ controlled procedures which separated psychology from the roots of philosophy. Wundt attempted to use objective methods and the ppts were given standardised instructions and the same stimuli so the methodology is reliable.

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3
Q

(OOP) Example of Wundt’s standardised experiment

A

Ticking metronome and participants would introspect their images, thoughts and sensations which were systematically reported.

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4
Q

(OOP) What is meant by introspection

A

Reflecting on your own cognitive processes and describing them.

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5
Q

(OOP) How did Wundt use introspection

A

He used it to investigate the human mind. Participants were trained to report in detail on their inner experiences when presented with a stimulus

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6
Q

(OOP) What is structuralism

A

Identifying consciousness by breaking down behaviours into basic elements of thoughts, images and sensations. Introspection paved the way for structuralism and this marked the beginning of scientific psychology separating it from philosophy

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7
Q

(behaviourism) what is the behaviourist approach

A

a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.

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8
Q

(behaviourism) operant conditioning

A

learning by reinforcement (rewards and punishment)

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9
Q

(behaviourism) classical conditioning

A

learning by association

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10
Q

(behaviourism) (AoB) observable events

A

not interested in studying the mind

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11
Q

(behaviourism) (AoB) scientific

A

behaviour must be measured in highly controlled environments to establish cause + effects

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12
Q

(behaviourism) (AoB) blank state (tabula rose)

A

believe our mind is born a blank state and everything is learned

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13
Q

(behaviourism) (AoB) value of animal research

A

little difference between animals+humans

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14
Q

(behaviourism) (AoB) behaviour s-r response

A

behaviour is the result of stimulus-response

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15
Q

(behaviourism) key researchers for classical conditioning

A

Pavlov and Watson

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16
Q

(behaviourism) key researchers for operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

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17
Q

(behaviourism) what is positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward when certain behaviour is performed

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18
Q

(behaviourism) what is negative reinforcement

A

occurs when someone avoids something unpleasant

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19
Q

(behaviourism) what is punishment

A

unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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20
Q

(behaviourism) outline skinner’s research

A

-created Skinner box
-examine operant conditioning in rats and pigeons
-press lever=rewarded food
-animal would learn each time it pressed the lever then it got food
-therefore learnt new voluntary behaviour which is repeated to receive the reward again.

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21
Q

(behaviourism) what is environmental determinism

A

behaviourists argue humans have little choice in behaviour, our behaviour is simply product of environmental learning.

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22
Q

(SLT) development of behaviourism

A

Bandura proposed SLT as a development of the behaviourist approach. argued classical + operant conditioning couldn’t account for all human learning

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23
Q

(SLT) Assumption of SLT

A

we can indirectly learn through observation + modelling + imitation

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24
Q

(SLT) importance of cognitive factors

A

forms bridge between traditional behaviourism + cognitive approach as considers mental processes.

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25
Q

(SLT) role models

A

people likely to imitate role models if they have links to them

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26
Q

(SLT) vicarious reinforcement

A

involves learning through observation of the good/bad consequence of other peoples actions

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27
Q

(SLT) meditational processes

A

some thought prior to imitation. occurs between stimulus and response.
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation

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28
Q

(SLT) bobo doll research

A

Bandura to see if aggression can be learnt
72 kids,36M,36F age 3-6. 1/3 groups for 10 mins
1-aggressive
2-non aggressive
3-control
aggressive group was more aggressive, boys imitated dame sex models, girls more physical aggression if they saw male model, more verbal aggression if women model

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28
Q

(SLT) bobo doll research

A

Bandura to see if aggression can be learnt
72 kids,36M,36F age 3-6. 1/3 groups for 10 mins
1-aggressive
2-non aggressive
3-control
aggressive group was more aggressive, boys imitated dame sex models, girls more physical aggression if they saw male model, more verbal aggression if women model

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29
Q

(STL) bobo doll research AO3

A

-questionable ecological validity + mundane realism
-findings affected by mundane realism

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30
Q

(CA) development of cognitive approach from the behaviourist approach

A

developed as a reaction against the behaviourist stimulus-response approach. observed memory, perception and thinking which was neglected by behaviourists

31
Q

(CA) computer analogy

A

input from senses which is then processed and produces an output

32
Q

(CA) role of theoretical models

A

cognitivists rely heavily on theoretical models which are internally processed

33
Q

(CA) role of schemas

A

cognitive framework of info developed through experience
:) - help organise and interpret info in the brain
:) - mental framework for interpretation
:( - create stereotypes and can be prejudice when generalised
:( - can lead to perceptional errors

34
Q

(CA) what is cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study on brain on mental study. PET and MRI scans studying different parts of the brain

35
Q

(BA) what do biological psychologists argue about human behaviour

A

everything psychological is at first biological

36
Q

(BA) (GE) what are genes

A

genetic info carried by DNA in chromosomes. passed through generations of species

37
Q

(BA) (GE) can behaviour be inherited

A

no but genes can which give pre dispositional to certain behaviour

38
Q

(BA) (GE) how do we study the genetic basis of behaviour

A

twin studies. monozygotic and dizygotic. studied through concordance rates. if MZ has greater concordance rates then this would suggest a genetic basis for that behaviour

39
Q

(BA) (EE) what is darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

only adaptive characteristics remain in future offspring. if characteristics are not suited for the species then they will die out

40
Q

(BA) (EE) what is an example of evolutionary psychology

A

Fessler(2006) found women in 1st trimester scored higher in disgust sensitivity than 2nd and 3rd trimester

41
Q

(BA) (EE) what is a genotype

A

the actual genetic make up of a person, the pairing of alleles for a particular trait (BB,Bb,bb)

42
Q

(BA) (EE) what is a phenotype

A

the way genes are expressed through observable characteristics shown by individuals. these are sure to combined effect of genes and environment

43
Q

(BA) what is neuroanatomical basis of behaviour

A

different parts of the brain are responsible for different actions

44
Q

(BA) example of neuroanatomical basis of behaviour

A

some mental disorders have different brain structures. Chance et al (2001) found correlation between schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles

45
Q

(BA) what is neurochemical basis of behaviour

A

refers to how levels of neurotransmitters may affect behaviour

46
Q

(BA) example of neurochemical basis of behaviour

A

low serotonin and high dopamine are vulnerable to developing OCD

47
Q

(BA) what are hormones

A

chemicals produced by endocrine glands. Endocrine system is made by endocrine glands and pituitary glands

48
Q

(BA) example of hormones

A

Carre et al (2006) found increased levels of the hormone testosterone whenever canadian ice hockey team played at home. the hormone energised the players and made them more aggressive to defend home territory

49
Q

(PA) what is psychodynamic approach

A

all theories emphasise importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and importance of conscious motives and desires

50
Q

(PA) freuds analogy of an iceberg

A
51
Q

(PA)what is the id

A

-present from birth
-contains innate drives
-operates solely in unconscious

52
Q

(PA)what is the id governed by

A

pleasure principle

53
Q

(PA)what is the superego

A

-part of internalisation of societal rules
-develops at age 5
-determines which behaviours are acceptable and causes guilt feeling when rules are broken

54
Q

(PA)what is superego governed by

A

morality principle

55
Q

(PA)what is the ego

A

-origin of consciousness
-mediates between the impulsive demand of id, superego and external world

56
Q

(PA)what is the ego governed by

A

reality principle

57
Q

(PA)what are defense mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies used by the ego to manage the anxiety caused by the conflict of the id and superego

58
Q

(PA)what is repression

A

unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses

59
Q

(PA)what is denial

A

refusing to believe reality

60
Q

(PA)what is displacement

A

transferring feelings of the source to someone else

61
Q

(PA)why are defense mechanisms problematic

A

the result in the ego becomes increasingly detached from reality and can cause psychological disorder

62
Q

(PA)all of freuds stages of theory of development

A

1-oral
2–anal
3-phallic
4-latency
5-genital

63
Q

(PA) look at notes for each of the stages. sheet 6 of approaches topic

A

keep revising :)

64
Q

(HA) what is humanistic psychology

A

discovering what it means to be fully human. radically different from other approaches. emphasises study of the whole person which is holism

65
Q

(HA)what is holism

A

studying a person as a whole

66
Q

(HA)maslows hierarchy of needs

A
67
Q

(HA)which are growth needs

A

self actualisation, all other needs are deficiency

68
Q

(HA)what is roger’s most famous for

A

developing person-centres therapy. main focus was ‘the self’

69
Q

(HA) what are the three features of rogers ‘the self’

A

1-positive regard
2-congruence
3-conditions of worth

70
Q

(HA)how does rogers think self worth develops

A

self worth and unconditional positive regard both emerge from good relationships with parents in childhood, later friends and partners

71
Q

(HA) what is unconditional positive regard

A

love and acceptance is unconditional. positive regard not withdrawn even if person makes a mistake’

72
Q

(HA) what are conditions of worth

A

they must behave in certain ways to receive positive regard

73
Q

(HA) what is congruence

A

state in which self and ideal self are very similar. development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard.

74
Q

(HA) how did rogers what influence counselling

A

created person centred therapy. therapist provides unconditional positive regard to client by accepting and empathising.

Psychology (19 decks)

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