Approaches AO1 Flashcards
(OOP) who was the founding father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt. 1879. 1st person to open a psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. (also wrote ‘principles on physiological psychology’ in 1873)
(OOP) How did psychology emerge as a science
Wundt used standardised/ controlled procedures which separated psychology from the roots of philosophy. Wundt attempted to use objective methods and the ppts were given standardised instructions and the same stimuli so the methodology is reliable.
(OOP) Example of Wundt’s standardised experiment
Ticking metronome and participants would introspect their images, thoughts and sensations which were systematically reported.
(OOP) What is meant by introspection
Reflecting on your own cognitive processes and describing them.
(OOP) How did Wundt use introspection
He used it to investigate the human mind. Participants were trained to report in detail on their inner experiences when presented with a stimulus
(OOP) What is structuralism
Identifying consciousness by breaking down behaviours into basic elements of thoughts, images and sensations. Introspection paved the way for structuralism and this marked the beginning of scientific psychology separating it from philosophy
(behaviourism) what is the behaviourist approach
a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.
(behaviourism) operant conditioning
learning by reinforcement (rewards and punishment)
(behaviourism) classical conditioning
learning by association
(behaviourism) (AoB) observable events
not interested in studying the mind
(behaviourism) (AoB) scientific
behaviour must be measured in highly controlled environments to establish cause + effects
(behaviourism) (AoB) blank state (tabula rose)
believe our mind is born a blank state and everything is learned
(behaviourism) (AoB) value of animal research
little difference between animals+humans
(behaviourism) (AoB) behaviour s-r response
behaviour is the result of stimulus-response
(behaviourism) key researchers for classical conditioning
Pavlov and Watson
(behaviourism) key researchers for operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
(behaviourism) what is positive reinforcement
receiving a reward when certain behaviour is performed
(behaviourism) what is negative reinforcement
occurs when someone avoids something unpleasant
(behaviourism) what is punishment
unpleasant consequence of behaviour
(behaviourism) outline skinner’s research
-created Skinner box
-examine operant conditioning in rats and pigeons
-press lever=rewarded food
-animal would learn each time it pressed the lever then it got food
-therefore learnt new voluntary behaviour which is repeated to receive the reward again.
(behaviourism) what is environmental determinism
behaviourists argue humans have little choice in behaviour, our behaviour is simply product of environmental learning.
(SLT) development of behaviourism
Bandura proposed SLT as a development of the behaviourist approach. argued classical + operant conditioning couldn’t account for all human learning
(SLT) Assumption of SLT
we can indirectly learn through observation + modelling + imitation
(SLT) importance of cognitive factors
forms bridge between traditional behaviourism + cognitive approach as considers mental processes.
(SLT) role models
people likely to imitate role models if they have links to them
(SLT) vicarious reinforcement
involves learning through observation of the good/bad consequence of other peoples actions
(SLT) meditational processes
some thought prior to imitation. occurs between stimulus and response.
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-motivation
(SLT) bobo doll research
Bandura to see if aggression can be learnt
72 kids,36M,36F age 3-6. 1/3 groups for 10 mins
1-aggressive
2-non aggressive
3-control
aggressive group was more aggressive, boys imitated dame sex models, girls more physical aggression if they saw male model, more verbal aggression if women model
(SLT) bobo doll research
Bandura to see if aggression can be learnt
72 kids,36M,36F age 3-6. 1/3 groups for 10 mins
1-aggressive
2-non aggressive
3-control
aggressive group was more aggressive, boys imitated dame sex models, girls more physical aggression if they saw male model, more verbal aggression if women model
(STL) bobo doll research AO3
-questionable ecological validity + mundane realism
-findings affected by mundane realism
(CA) development of cognitive approach from the behaviourist approach
developed as a reaction against the behaviourist stimulus-response approach. observed memory, perception and thinking which was neglected by behaviourists
(CA) computer analogy
input from senses which is then processed and produces an output
(CA) role of theoretical models
cognitivists rely heavily on theoretical models which are internally processed
(CA) role of schemas
cognitive framework of info developed through experience
:) - help organise and interpret info in the brain
:) - mental framework for interpretation
:( - create stereotypes and can be prejudice when generalised
:( - can lead to perceptional errors
(CA) what is cognitive neuroscience
scientific study on brain on mental study. PET and MRI scans studying different parts of the brain
(BA) what do biological psychologists argue about human behaviour
everything psychological is at first biological
(BA) (GE) what are genes
genetic info carried by DNA in chromosomes. passed through generations of species
(BA) (GE) can behaviour be inherited
no but genes can which give pre dispositional to certain behaviour
(BA) (GE) how do we study the genetic basis of behaviour
twin studies. monozygotic and dizygotic. studied through concordance rates. if MZ has greater concordance rates then this would suggest a genetic basis for that behaviour
(BA) (EE) what is darwin’s theory of natural selection
only adaptive characteristics remain in future offspring. if characteristics are not suited for the species then they will die out
(BA) (EE) what is an example of evolutionary psychology
Fessler(2006) found women in 1st trimester scored higher in disgust sensitivity than 2nd and 3rd trimester
(BA) (EE) what is a genotype
the actual genetic make up of a person, the pairing of alleles for a particular trait (BB,Bb,bb)
(BA) (EE) what is a phenotype
the way genes are expressed through observable characteristics shown by individuals. these are sure to combined effect of genes and environment
(BA) what is neuroanatomical basis of behaviour
different parts of the brain are responsible for different actions
(BA) example of neuroanatomical basis of behaviour
some mental disorders have different brain structures. Chance et al (2001) found correlation between schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles
(BA) what is neurochemical basis of behaviour
refers to how levels of neurotransmitters may affect behaviour
(BA) example of neurochemical basis of behaviour
low serotonin and high dopamine are vulnerable to developing OCD
(BA) what are hormones
chemicals produced by endocrine glands. Endocrine system is made by endocrine glands and pituitary glands
(BA) example of hormones
Carre et al (2006) found increased levels of the hormone testosterone whenever canadian ice hockey team played at home. the hormone energised the players and made them more aggressive to defend home territory
(PA) what is psychodynamic approach
all theories emphasise importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and importance of conscious motives and desires
(PA) freuds analogy of an iceberg
(PA)what is the id
-present from birth
-contains innate drives
-operates solely in unconscious
(PA)what is the id governed by
pleasure principle
(PA)what is the superego
-part of internalisation of societal rules
-develops at age 5
-determines which behaviours are acceptable and causes guilt feeling when rules are broken
(PA)what is superego governed by
morality principle
(PA)what is the ego
-origin of consciousness
-mediates between the impulsive demand of id, superego and external world
(PA)what is the ego governed by
reality principle
(PA)what are defense mechanisms
unconscious strategies used by the ego to manage the anxiety caused by the conflict of the id and superego
(PA)what is repression
unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses
(PA)what is denial
refusing to believe reality
(PA)what is displacement
transferring feelings of the source to someone else
(PA)why are defense mechanisms problematic
the result in the ego becomes increasingly detached from reality and can cause psychological disorder
(PA)all of freuds stages of theory of development
1-oral
2–anal
3-phallic
4-latency
5-genital
(PA) look at notes for each of the stages. sheet 6 of approaches topic
keep revising :)
(HA) what is humanistic psychology
discovering what it means to be fully human. radically different from other approaches. emphasises study of the whole person which is holism
(HA)what is holism
studying a person as a whole
(HA)maslows hierarchy of needs
(HA)which are growth needs
self actualisation, all other needs are deficiency
(HA)what is roger’s most famous for
developing person-centres therapy. main focus was ‘the self’
(HA) what are the three features of rogers ‘the self’
1-positive regard
2-congruence
3-conditions of worth
(HA)how does rogers think self worth develops
self worth and unconditional positive regard both emerge from good relationships with parents in childhood, later friends and partners
(HA) what is unconditional positive regard
love and acceptance is unconditional. positive regard not withdrawn even if person makes a mistake’
(HA) what are conditions of worth
they must behave in certain ways to receive positive regard
(HA) what is congruence
state in which self and ideal self are very similar. development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard.
(HA) how did rogers what influence counselling
created person centred therapy. therapist provides unconditional positive regard to client by accepting and empathising.
