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Geography > Year 10 Tropical Storms And Climate Change > Flashcards

Year 10 Tropical Storms And Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the sun hottest at the equator

A

Because the sun shines in a direct way and rays don’t spread out and more condensed whereas in areas further away from sun, heat energy is spread out more making it cooler less direct

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2
Q

What happens to air at the equator

A

Heated strongly so less dense and rises to high altitude creating low pressure. This is called the equatorial zone

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3
Q

Hot air…

A

Rises, low pressure = cloud and rain

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4
Q

Cold air…

A

Sinks, high pressure = clear skies

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5
Q

What are the 3 cells called

A

Polar
Ferrel
Hadley

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6
Q

First 3 things that happen in tricellular model

A

Warm air rises as result of solar insolation cools and condenses forming clouds and rain
Air separates and moves north or south (diverges)
As air cools it begins to sink again

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7
Q

What are the next 2 things that happen in tricellular model

A

As air sinks its heated by radiation from earth then cycle repeats itself
Air moves north as well as south

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8
Q

What happens when air sinks at the North Pole

A

Air doesn’t heat so doesn’t rise
Cold and warm air mix causing warm air to rise
Warm air gets pushed up and rises over cold air - cold front

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9
Q

Conditions at equator (0*)

A

Rainforest:
Hot
wet

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10
Q

Conditions at 15*

A

Savanna:
Hot
Rain

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11
Q

Conditions at 30*

A

Desert
Hot
Dry

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12
Q

Conditions at 45*

A

Mediterranean

Warm

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13
Q

Conditions at 60*

A

Temperate
Warm/cold
Wet

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14
Q

Conditions at 75*

A

Arctic
Cold
Snow

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15
Q

Conditions at North Pole

A

Cold

Very little snow

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16
Q

How should air move

A

From high to low pressure but rotation of earth produces a problem - coriolis effect

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17
Q

What’s the coriolis effect

A

Alters direction of wind and deflects them to right in northern hemisphere and left in Southern Hemisphere

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18
Q

What type of wind does the UK get

A

Prevailing south-westerly winds

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19
Q

What direction do tropical storms travel in

A

From east to west due to earth spinning

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20
Q

What happens when tropical storms hit land

A

Lose energy source from sea
Friction from land slows them down
In northern hemisphere track right
Southern Hemisphere track left

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21
Q

Conditions for tropical storm formation

A

Ocean temp of 27* or warmer
Low pressure
Wind blowing and same direction and speed
Between 5* and 30* north and south latitude

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22
Q

How do hurricanes form

A

Strong upward movement of air draws water vapour up from ocean
Evaporated air cools and condenses forming thunderstorm clouds
As it condenses releases latent heat which powers storm and draws more water up
Thunderstorms join to form giant spinning storm
Storm developed eye
As storm carried across ocean by prevailing wind continues to get stronger from water

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23
Q

When does it become a tropical storm

A

When surface wind reach 120 km/hr

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24
Q

Where are the most intense conditions in a tropical storm

A

Outer edge of eye

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25
Q

What’s a storm surge

A

Body of water beneath storm being raised up as moist air being sucked into the clouds

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26
Q

Why don’t tropical storms occur at the equator

A

Due to the coriolis effect

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27
Q

How has climate change affected the distribution of tropical storms

A

Seas surface temps have increased by 0.25-0.5* meaning hurricanes forming further north and south of equator, increasing distribution

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28
Q

How has climate change affected the frequency of tropical storms

A

Some models suggest less frequent but more intense but some just suggest more frequent

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29
Q

How has climate change affected the intensity of tropical storms

A

As seas surface temp increases so does intensity of hurricanes

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30
Q

Why is data unreliable before 1960

A

Because they didn’t have the equipment or technology to measure tropical storms

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31
Q

What’s a primary impact

A

Damage and destruction as a direct result of hurricanes

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32
Q

What’s Secondary impacts

A

Damage and destruction that happens as a result of primary impacts (disease,contaminated water)

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33
Q

Introductory information about typhoon Haiyan

A

8 November 2013 in the Philippines. Originated second November in low low-pressure area several hundred km south south-east
Category five on saffir Simpson scale, wind speed 315km/hr
Waves as high as 15m

34
Q

Effects of the storm

A

Tacloban airport badly damaged, 3000 fishing boats destroyed
Buildings damaged and crops destroyed 40,000 houses damaged
Over 400 m of rain lots of flooding. Lots of coastline devastated

35
Q

Primary impacts on people of storm

A

Around 6300 people killed, over 600,000 people displaced and 40,000 homes damaged or flattened

36
Q

Secondary impacts on people of storm

A

14 million people affected, many homeless, 6 million lost income
Landslides blocked roads – no access remote areas
Outbreaks of disease
Looting and violence in Tacloban

37
Q

Short-term response of storm

A

International aid agencies responded quickly with food and shelter
1200 shelters set up, UK sent shelter kits, French, Belgian and Israeli Hospital set up
Philippines Red Cross delivered foods
US aircraft assisted with search and rescue

38
Q

Long-term response of storm

A

UK, Australia and Japan donated financial aid
Rebuilding of road, bridges and airport facilities
Rice farming and fishing was quickly re-established
Thousands of homes built away from flood prone areas

39
Q

How can the effects be reduced of storms

A

Windows, doors and roofs strengthened to withstand strong wins
Storm drains put in urban areas to prevent flooding
Sea walls built protecting important buildings from storm surge
Coastal homes built on stilts so storm surge passes beneath

40
Q

Hurricane watch

A

Advises people that hurricane conditions are likely

41
Q

Hurricane warning

A

Advises that people should begin to take shelter and move to higher ground

42
Q

Ways to protect houses from tropical storms

A 
Shutters
Stilts
Building on high ground
No dangerous vegetation around house
Built out of strong materials
43
Q

Planning in the USA for tropical storms

A

There is a National hurricane awareness week which educates people about potential damage and dangers ahead

44
Q

Weather

A

State of atmosphere at the given time and place with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, when velocity and barometric pressure

45
Q

Climate

A

Average weather in the region over a long period of time

46
Q

What is extreme weather

A

Events that are different from expected climate. Extremes can be very little of something or too much of something. Extreme weather depends on context of what is normal

47
Q

Introductory information about Cockermouth floods

A

17th to 20th of November 2009 in Cumbria. Already been months of rain so soil was saturated so lots of surface run-off that last 36 hours and fowed to Cockermouth
By the 20th river Derwent it was 10 m wider than normal and river Cockers flow was greater than the past 30 years

48
Q

Secondary impacts on people of flood

A

River water contaminated with sewage – health risks
1500 homes flooded and caused £100 million of damage
Debris transported by revert destroyed six important regional bridges

49
Q

Social effects of the flood

A

Police officer Bill Parker killed by collapsed bridge in Workington, many people were injured

50
Q

Economic effects of the flood

A

Many businesses closed and didn’t reopen for a long time

51
Q

Environmental effects of the flood

A

River Derwent banks eroded, causing landslide

River tore loose, carrying away hundreds of trees, damaging ecosystems

52
Q

Short term responses to flood

A

Civil defence and emergency services rescue people using boats and helicopters

53
Q

Long-term response to flood

A

Structural engineer’s went to every bridge making sure it was secure either strengthened or demolished
Government pledged £1 million to help the town
Business has improved shopfronts and rebuilt town centre

54
Q

How can the effects of the flood be reduced

A

£4.5 million spent on flood defences
Mobile wall built so that it doesn’t affect of you
Environment agency provided people with improved flood warning info
During winter railway companies tweet info and pictures of fallen trees so people avoid that route to work

55
Q

Long-term responses to the flood

A

Flood defence half a metre higher reinforced concrete walls bridge replaced in 2010 as old one collapsed
Glass panels on wall, protect view
Floodgates added
120 m of high wall with automatic barrier

56
Q

What is a top down approach

A

Actions taken by government to increase of population resilience to a hazard

57
Q

What is a bottom up approach

A

Actions people take to increase their resilience to a hazard

58
Q

2003 heatwave

A

Highest UK recorded temperature 38°C in Kent

More than 2000 people died

59
Q

2007 floods

A

Several people died and many left homeless by summer floods in Hull, Sheffield and Gloucestershire

60
Q

2008 floods

A

Severe flooding in south west and north east England with Somerset, Worcestershire and Northumberland badly hit

61
Q

2009 heavy snow

A

Southeast and Southwest England badly affected by heavy snow. 20 cm fell in London

62
Q

2009 floods

A

Cockermouth in Cumbria was hit by floods record rainfall in the lake district

63
Q

2010 heavy snow

A

Much of the UK hit by heavy snow in December

Northern Ireland record low temperature of -18.7°C at Castlederg

64
Q

2013/14 floods

A

Severe floods in south England causing Thames to burst banks and Somerset inundated water
wettest winter in 250 years

65
Q

2015/16 floods

A

Bad storms and high rainfall in north England. December 2015 wettest warmest ever recorded in the UK

66
Q

What’s a jet stream

A

Fast band of high winds in the atmosphere between the Ferrel and Polar cells

67
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Bigger ring, better growth

Problem – very few trees exist older than 4000 years before present

68
Q

Ice cores

A

Layers of ice built up over thousands of years. Removed using ice cores
Thicker the layer of ice the more snow fall that year.
shows oxygen and methane levels
records go back 800,000 years

69
Q

Sedimentary evidence

A

Deeper the sediment, older it is

Sediment can be drilled out showing remains of organisms and plankton revealing sea temp

70
Q

Solar output

A

Output of sun increased from 1900-1940 recorded by satellites using radio meters. Output of sun barely changed in last 50 years so can’t cause climate change since the 70s

71
Q

Orbital changes

A

Orbit changes shape every 100,000 years changing distance between earth and sun.
Earths axis is tilted when increases climate exaggerates
Tilt moves every 4000 years

72
Q

Volcanic activity

A

Temporarily cause climate change e.g mount pinatubo causing global drop in temp by 0.5* due to SO2 released which causes volcanic aerosol to reflect sunlight away from earth

73
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Count for over 50% global greenhouse gas emissions

As population grows increase demand for energy which increases fossil fuel use

74
Q

Agriculture

A

Contributes 20% global greenhouse gases
Large amounts of methane produced as cows produce it in digestion
As population grows, increased demand for meat

75
Q

Adaptation

A

Actions to adjust to natural events e.g climate change to reduce potential damage, limit impacts and take advantage of opportunities or cope with consequences

76
Q

Mitigation

A

Reduce or eliminate long term risk to human life and property from natural hazards such as building earthquake proof buildings

77
Q

Alternative energy production

A

Reduces CO2 output, uses renewable energy sources
Method becoming cheaper and more competitive
Very expensive
For solar there isn’t always sun

78
Q

Carbon capture and storage

A

Replicates way earth stores CO2 pumps CO2 into ground to store it
Can be used in existing power plants (don’t need new ones)
Could provide 10-55% of worlds carbon mitigation until 2100 can remove CO2 from atmosphere
Very expensive no long term results

79
Q

Afforestation

A

Planting trees to use up CO2 in photosynthesis
Could increase forest carbon storage 28%
Trees take a long time to grow

80
Q

International agreements

A

Reduce global emissions by setting up agreements
Some countries more responsible for climate change than others
Hard to convince some countries to take part

Geography (16 decks)

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