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Geography > End Of Years 9 > Flashcards

End Of Years 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Frost shattering/ freeze thaw

A

Caused by water entering the Rock and freezes and expands

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2
Q

Onion skin weathering/ exfoliation

A

When the surface of the rock heats up and expands, then the temp drops, the surface contracts. Continual expansion and contraction causes the surface layers to peel away

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3
Q

Biological weathering

A

When plant roots get in tiny cracks within the rocks, opening them up further

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4
Q

Chemical weathering/ solution

A

Rainwater contains carbonic acid and it reacts with calcium carbonate which is found in limestone. The acid dissolves the limestone and the joints and bedding planes are widened by the water

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5
Q

Limestone scar

A

The face of an old waterfall- a collapsed limestone cave

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6
Q

Limestone pavement clint and grykes

A

Exposed layer of limestone with vertical crack cut between the level surface blocks

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7
Q

Sink hole/ swallow hole

A

A hole in the ground through which a stream falls

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8
Q

Stalactite

A

Icicle shaped feature hanging from the root of a cave

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9
Q

Stalagmite

A

Stump like feature formedon the floor of the cave

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10
Q

Stream resurgence

A

Reappearance of a river on the land surface as a stream

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11
Q

How are limestone pavements formed?

A

When rock is exposed at the surface and the acidic rain causes clings and grykes. When rock is exposed at the surface, the blocks can be seen clearly and these are called limestone pavements

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12
Q

What are grykes

A

The flat topped block on a limestone pavement

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13
Q

How are sink holes formed

A

River flows over impermeable rock. When it reaches pervious limestone it dissolves a joint and overtime a hole is created in the rock surface known as a swallow hole or sink hole

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14
Q

How are stalactite, stalagmites and pillars formed

A

As water that’s saturated with dissolved limestone (calcium carbonate) drips through the roof it evaporates which causes dissolved limestone to be converted back to calcite

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15
Q

How are dry valleys formed?

A

When temperatures were colder in the ice age, the ground was frozen and the water was forced to flow over the land surface and carved out these dry valleys called permafrost

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16
Q

When was limestone formed in the Yorkshire dales

A

300 million years ago

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17
Q

How thick is oceanic crust

A

5km thick

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18
Q

Where is the crust thickest

A

In the continental crust (35-75km thick)

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19
Q

What are the order of the layers of the earth

A

Crust
Mantle (800km thick 1600 degrees)
Liquid outer core (2100km thick 3000 degrees)
Solid inner core (1300km thick 5000 degrees)

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20
Q

What continents were in laurasia

A

North America
Europe
Asia

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21
Q

When continents were in gonwanaland

A 
South America
Africa
Antarctica
Australasia
India
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22
Q

What proof is there that the continents were once all joined

A

Identical fossils of plants/ sea creatures hove been found in different continents separated by large oceans so we know they must have been together at some point
Some continents look like they fit together like South America and Africa

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23
Q

Constructive plate boundary (spreading ridge)

A

The current in the mantle causes the plates to move apart and as they do magma rises up forming a new seabed. This happens very quickly because the hot magma cools quickly forming basalt. Sometimes the magma rises up and forms island like Iceland

24
Q

Destructive plate margin (subduction)

A

Ocean plates are made of dense basalt and when it meets a less dense plate it is forced beneath it called subduction. As they sink into the mantle they melt (due to friction) and the magma makes its way up to the surface and form volcanoes. There are often earthquakes in subduction zones

25
Q

Collision zone

A

When two continental plates move together and slowly crash into each other. This causes the land to bend upwards to form mountains

26
Q

Conservative plate margin

A

When two plates slowly slide past each other building up friction and there’s a sudden release of energy causing an earthquake

27
Q

What are earthquakes

A

They are vibrations in the earths crust and occur all

One all plate boundaries but are more destructive and destructive boundaries

28
Q

What is the convection current

A

The convection current is the movement of the mantle that forces the plates apart at the constructive plate boundary

29
Q

What is the new crust created at constructive margins

A

It’s basaltic.

30
Q

What are the volcanoes like at constructive plate boundarys

A

They aren’t very violent as they have pahoehoe basaltic type lava which is runny

31
Q

Why are volcanoes more violent at subduction zones

A

The lava here is andestine and rhyolite which are stick and vicious so the volcanoes are more violent

32
Q

An example of constructive margin

A

The mid-Atlantic ridge that goes through Iceland

33
Q

An example of a subduction zone (destructive plate boundary)

A

Andes and Rockies

34
Q

An example of a collision zone

A

Where India crashes into Eurasia

35
Q

An example of a conservative margin

A

San Andreas

36
Q

What’s a focus

A

Where the earthquake starts

37
Q

Epicentre

A

Directly above the focus where the most damage takes place

38
Q

Mercalli scale

A

Based on a 12 point scale between 1and 10 in Roman numerals. Measures the amount of damage caused by an earthquake

39
Q

The Richter scale

A

1-9 points and gives the magnitude of an earthquake and is measured on a logorithmic scale which means each point is 10 times the size of the point before

40
Q

What is globalisation

A

The way companies, ideas and lifestyles are spreading more easily around the world

41
Q

The vicious cycle of poverty

A 
They have to work hard to support their family
So they have no chance to go to school
So they can't learn new skills
So they can't get a better job
About every year food costs a little mor
42
Q

How has fair trade improved the lives of the stitches

A

In some workplaces there are school attached to the workers children can go to school this would break the vicious cycle
When workers stitch a fair trade ball they get paid more

43
Q

Primary indistries

A

Collecting things from the earth (nature). Farming, fishing, mining

44
Q

Secondary industries

A

Making or manufacturing things. Like shoes, chairs, paint

45
Q

Tertiary industries

A

Providing services likes teaching or looking after sick people

46
Q

Quaternary industries

A

Hi-tech industries like developing new drugs to cure diseases

47
Q

Example of TNCs

A

Nike, gap

48
Q

What is a TNC

A

Transnational corporation, company that operate in several countries

49
Q

Why are product made in countries all around the world

A

Because in LEDCs it’s cheaper to have factories there

50
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A

Provides jobs in LEDCs which helps the developer
They generate large profits (TNCs, staff, shareholders)
They break down barriers between countries

51
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A

They are often ore powerful than governments
They exploit LEDCs as a source of cheap labour
Many LEDSc have poor environmental regulations and TNCs pollute

52
Q

What do workers think of globalisation

A

They’ve got jobs and earn money and improve the quality of life
They feel exploited as they earn low wages, work long hours and have little time off

53
Q

What do TNCs think of globalisation

A

They make profit by having cheap workers, sell more products and have large markets

54
Q

What do LEDC governments think of globalisation

A

They like it because it gives people employment who earn money and pay tax. People also spend money which improves the local government - positive multiplier effect

55
Q

What do MEDCs think of globalisation

A

It spreads the country’s influence and if a foreign company sets up here then it creates more jobs

56
Q

What do consumers think of globalisation

A

It gives the consumer more choice of product

57
Q

What do workers in MEDCs think of globalisation

A

They have lost their jobs as TMCs move to where workers are cheaper

Geography (16 decks)

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