End Of Years 9 Flashcards
Frost shattering/ freeze thaw
Caused by water entering the Rock and freezes and expands
Onion skin weathering/ exfoliation
When the surface of the rock heats up and expands, then the temp drops, the surface contracts. Continual expansion and contraction causes the surface layers to peel away
Biological weathering
When plant roots get in tiny cracks within the rocks, opening them up further
Chemical weathering/ solution
Rainwater contains carbonic acid and it reacts with calcium carbonate which is found in limestone. The acid dissolves the limestone and the joints and bedding planes are widened by the water
Limestone scar
The face of an old waterfall- a collapsed limestone cave
Limestone pavement clint and grykes
Exposed layer of limestone with vertical crack cut between the level surface blocks
Sink hole/ swallow hole
A hole in the ground through which a stream falls
Stalactite
Icicle shaped feature hanging from the root of a cave
Stalagmite
Stump like feature formedon the floor of the cave
Stream resurgence
Reappearance of a river on the land surface as a stream
How are limestone pavements formed?
When rock is exposed at the surface and the acidic rain causes clings and grykes. When rock is exposed at the surface, the blocks can be seen clearly and these are called limestone pavements
What are grykes
The flat topped block on a limestone pavement
How are sink holes formed
River flows over impermeable rock. When it reaches pervious limestone it dissolves a joint and overtime a hole is created in the rock surface known as a swallow hole or sink hole
How are stalactite, stalagmites and pillars formed
As water that’s saturated with dissolved limestone (calcium carbonate) drips through the roof it evaporates which causes dissolved limestone to be converted back to calcite
How are dry valleys formed?
When temperatures were colder in the ice age, the ground was frozen and the water was forced to flow over the land surface and carved out these dry valleys called permafrost
When was limestone formed in the Yorkshire dales
300 million years ago
How thick is oceanic crust
5km thick
Where is the crust thickest
In the continental crust (35-75km thick)
What are the order of the layers of the earth
Crust
Mantle (800km thick 1600 degrees)
Liquid outer core (2100km thick 3000 degrees)
Solid inner core (1300km thick 5000 degrees)
What continents were in laurasia
North America
Europe
Asia
When continents were in gonwanaland
South America Africa Antarctica Australasia India
What proof is there that the continents were once all joined
Identical fossils of plants/ sea creatures hove been found in different continents separated by large oceans so we know they must have been together at some point
Some continents look like they fit together like South America and Africa
Constructive plate boundary (spreading ridge)
The current in the mantle causes the plates to move apart and as they do magma rises up forming a new seabed. This happens very quickly because the hot magma cools quickly forming basalt. Sometimes the magma rises up and forms island like Iceland
Destructive plate margin (subduction)
Ocean plates are made of dense basalt and when it meets a less dense plate it is forced beneath it called subduction. As they sink into the mantle they melt (due to friction) and the magma makes its way up to the surface and form volcanoes. There are often earthquakes in subduction zones
Collision zone
When two continental plates move together and slowly crash into each other. This causes the land to bend upwards to form mountains
Conservative plate margin
When two plates slowly slide past each other building up friction and there’s a sudden release of energy causing an earthquake
What are earthquakes
They are vibrations in the earths crust and occur all
One all plate boundaries but are more destructive and destructive boundaries
What is the convection current
The convection current is the movement of the mantle that forces the plates apart at the constructive plate boundary
What is the new crust created at constructive margins
It’s basaltic.
What are the volcanoes like at constructive plate boundarys
They aren’t very violent as they have pahoehoe basaltic type lava which is runny
Why are volcanoes more violent at subduction zones
The lava here is andestine and rhyolite which are stick and vicious so the volcanoes are more violent
An example of constructive margin
The mid-Atlantic ridge that goes through Iceland
An example of a subduction zone (destructive plate boundary)
Andes and Rockies
An example of a collision zone
Where India crashes into Eurasia
An example of a conservative margin
San Andreas
What’s a focus
Where the earthquake starts
Epicentre
Directly above the focus where the most damage takes place
Mercalli scale
Based on a 12 point scale between 1and 10 in Roman numerals. Measures the amount of damage caused by an earthquake
The Richter scale
1-9 points and gives the magnitude of an earthquake and is measured on a logorithmic scale which means each point is 10 times the size of the point before
What is globalisation
The way companies, ideas and lifestyles are spreading more easily around the world
The vicious cycle of poverty
They have to work hard to support their family So they have no chance to go to school So they can't learn new skills So they can't get a better job About every year food costs a little mor
How has fair trade improved the lives of the stitches
In some workplaces there are school attached to the workers children can go to school this would break the vicious cycle
When workers stitch a fair trade ball they get paid more
Primary indistries
Collecting things from the earth (nature). Farming, fishing, mining
Secondary industries
Making or manufacturing things. Like shoes, chairs, paint
Tertiary industries
Providing services likes teaching or looking after sick people
Quaternary industries
Hi-tech industries like developing new drugs to cure diseases
Example of TNCs
Nike, gap
What is a TNC
Transnational corporation, company that operate in several countries
Why are product made in countries all around the world
Because in LEDCs it’s cheaper to have factories there
Advantages of TNCs
Provides jobs in LEDCs which helps the developer
They generate large profits (TNCs, staff, shareholders)
They break down barriers between countries
Disadvantages of TNCs
They are often ore powerful than governments
They exploit LEDCs as a source of cheap labour
Many LEDSc have poor environmental regulations and TNCs pollute
What do workers think of globalisation
They’ve got jobs and earn money and improve the quality of life
They feel exploited as they earn low wages, work long hours and have little time off
What do TNCs think of globalisation
They make profit by having cheap workers, sell more products and have large markets
What do LEDC governments think of globalisation
They like it because it gives people employment who earn money and pay tax. People also spend money which improves the local government - positive multiplier effect
What do MEDCs think of globalisation
It spreads the country’s influence and if a foreign company sets up here then it creates more jobs
What do consumers think of globalisation
It gives the consumer more choice of product
What do workers in MEDCs think of globalisation
They have lost their jobs as TMCs move to where workers are cheaper
