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Geography > Year 10 Rivers > Flashcards

Year 10 Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Erosion in the upper course

A

Hydraulic action and attrition. Mostly vertical erosion

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2
Q

Erosion in the middle course

A

Mostly attrition and a little hydraulic action. Less vertical erosion, lateral erosion begins

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3
Q

Erosion in the lower course

A

Erosion is reduced some lateral erosion on the outside bends of rivers

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4
Q

Transport in the upper course

A

Mostly large boulders, little in solution. Traction is most dominant

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5
Q

Transport in the middle course

A

Smaller sized bedload little in solution. Saltation dominated

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6
Q

Transport in lower course

A

Smaller sized bedload of pebbles, gravel and sand for the load. Most transport by suspension

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7
Q

Deposition in the upper course

A

Limited due to large bedload

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8
Q

Deposition in the middle course

A

Coarser material builds up, deposition on slip off slopes. Floodplain build up in times of flood

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9
Q

Deposition in lower course

A

Mostly fine particles, forms slip off slopes, leeves and flood plains

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10
Q

Gradient in upper course

A

Steep

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11
Q

Gradient in middle course

A

Less steep

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12
Q

Gradient in lower course

A

Grendel gradient/ flat

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13
Q

Associated landforms in the upper course

A

Steeped narrow, v shaped valley, waterfalls/ Rapids, interlocking spurs

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14
Q

Associated landforms in the middle course

A

Open v- shaped valley, waterfalls/Rapids, meanders/ox bow lakes, braiding

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15
Q

Assassinated landforms in the lower course

A

Wide gentle sided valley, flood plains, knick points, leeves, river terraces, meanders, ox bow lakes braiding

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16
Q

How is a waterfall formed

A

When a river passes over harder rock (wintstone) which is on top of softer rock, the softer rock is eroded faster by abrasion and hydraulic action. This creates and overhang and cracks appear in the wintstone. The overhang collapses and the wintstone fills in the plunge pool. This process continues to happen and the waterfall retreats upstream and forms a steep sided gorge

17
Q

In the middle course, why does the river have more energy and a high volume of water

A

Because the tributaries have joined and there is more water from through-flow and surface runoff.

18
Q

How is a levee formed

A

During floods water is slowed at banks and silts are deposited. In between floods slow moving water deposits silt in water bed. The levees are built up with each flood and the river bed is built up too. The amount of water stays the same

18
Q

Wheat is an estuary

A

An area where fresh water, river or stream meets the ocean, this results in brackish, somewhat salty water

18
Q

Characteristics of a flashy response river

A

Short lag time, steep rising and falling limb, returns to normal quickly, high peak discharge, most likely to cause flood

18
Q

What causes a flashy response

A

Basin with impermeable rock- flows after over ground
Urbanised catchment- artificial drains and tarmac so water will flow faster
Basin with steep sides- water will flow faster
Short heavy rainfall

18
Q

Characteristics of a slow response

A

Long lag time, low peak discharge, gentle rising and falling limbs, returns to normal slowly, less likely to cause a flood

18
Q

What causes a slow response

A

A forested catchment- more interception
Has a dam- slows down the flow
Shallow sided basin- more water is absorbed into the ground
Basin with permeable rock

18
Q

Human causes of flooding

A

Deforestation

Construction work

18
Q

Physical causes of flooding

A

Prolonged rainfall
Heavy rain
Snowmelt
Steep relief

18
Q

Examples of hard engineering

A

Channel straightening
Dredging
Dams
Levees

18
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A

Afforestation
Flood warnings
Floodplain zoning

18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of afforestation

A

Cheap, improves appearance, areas for wildlife to develop, no risk of people losing their homes
Takes long time, plants could be damaged in bad weather, won’t work in storms, only controls small area of rivers

19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of flood warnings

A

Allows time to prepare for flood, valuables can be taken with the people so less cost, easily spread through TV, radio etc
Doesn’t stop flood, people may not have access to warnings, elderly or disabled unable to react in time

20
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of floodplain zoning

A

Water can reach river at natural speed, homes and schools and built on land that is prone to flood, flood ares are left vacant
Expansion of urban areas near river is limited, doesn’t help houses that have already been built

21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dams and reservoirs

A

Can create hydro electric power, last for decades, can store water for drinking and leisure activities
Expensive, takes time, spoils landscape, can be deadly of it fails

22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of levees

A

Quick to build, used as a temporary method, removed easily

Water can’t always drain away, look ugly, not always reliable, wear away if made of mud

23
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of channel straightening

A

Makes water flow at much faster rate, reduces level of erosion occurring at meanders, speeds up water
Lead to flooding further downstream, expensive, takes a long time, damages habitats and ecosystems

24
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dredging

A

Increases river capacity, doesn’t affect appearance, used at specific locations
Deposition will build up after a certain time, expensive, time consuming, loss of marine life and wetlands

25
Q

Management in upper course of tees

A

Cow green reservoir built in 1970 water for growing industries. Regulating reservoir
Expensive habitats were destroyed
Large areas flooded when building

26
Q

Management in middle course of Tees

A

After flood in Yarm in 1995 £2.1 million spent on building reinforced concrete walls with flood gates
Earth embankments and Fabian’s installed

27
Q

Management in lower course of Tees

A

£1.2 million allocated to flood defence schemes at Lustrom Beck
150 properties affected in 2012 flood
Tees barge built and dredging took place

Geography (16 decks)

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