Year 1 Flashcards
Which structure separates the pleural and pericardial cavities from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
What do arteries convey
Oxygenated blood to organs and tissues
What do veins convey
Drain oxygenated blood from organs and tissues
What do lymphatic drain
Excess extracellular fluid from the structured back into the venous system
What is the axial skeleton
Comprises the bones situated in the long axis of the body in the anatomical position eg the trunk
What is the appendicular skeleton
Comprises the bones that appended to the axial skeleton eg the limbs
What membrane surrounds bone
Periosteum- help nourish the tissue, capable of laying down more bone, provides interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
Name the 3 types of cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What membrane surround cartilage
Pericondrium, helps nourish tissue, capable of laying down more cartilage, provides interface for attachment of muscles and ligaments, provides elasticity
What type of bones is found in the marrow cavity
Spongy bone
What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum
Bone-forming cells, progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts
What is appositional growth
Increase in width
Add nee bone from outside onto existing bone
What is interstitial growth
Increase in the length, growth occurring by means of cell division in the epiphyseal growth plate
What is the function of a sesamoid bone
Protects the tendons from excessive wear and often changed the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments
What is an aponeurosus
Flat, thin and broad tendons
What joints are crossed by the biceps brachii
Shoulder, elbow, superior radioulnar
What joints are crossed by the pectoralismajor
Shoulder
What type of cartilage does the epiphyseal growth plate contain
Hyaline cartilage
How is compact bone arranged
Circumferentially
What do muscles do
Only pull bones - pull bones together = flexion, pull bones apart = extension
What is the principle action of the diaphragm
Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
What is the role of anterior fibres of deltoid
Flexion
What is the role of posterior fibres of deltoid
Extension
What is the role of middle fibres of deltoid
Abduction
What is a syngergist
Synergistic perform of help perform the same set of joint motion as the agonists
What do fix for/stabilising muscles do
Act to stablizie the joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without risk of dislocation
What separates muscles into compartments
Deep fascial intermuscular septa
Define ligament
A ligament connects a bone to an adjacent bone to stabilise a joint
Define tendon
A tendon is found at the end of a muscle and connects muscle to bone
What supplies all arm and forearm compartments
Brachial plexus
What shoppes all thigh and leg muscles compartments
Lumbosarcal plexus
What are the spinal nerve roots of the brachial plexus
C5-T1
What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
Which functional muscle group loses function in wrist drop
Anterior forearm
Which functional muscle group loses function in foot drop
Anterior leg muscle
What does the dorsal root carry
Sensory affecting fibres
What does the central root carry
Motor efferent fibres
What does the mixed spinal nerve carry
Motor and sensory
What do the dorsal and ventral rami carry
Motor and sensory fibres
Where do intercostal nerves lie
Between the ribs - each intercostal nerve lies below the rib of the same number
Which part of a spinal nerve forms an intercostal nerve
Ventral ramus
What is T12 intercostal nerve also known as
Subcostal nerve
What is a cutaneous nerve
A nerve that supplied the skin which overdoes muscles which is supplied by cutaneous branches of the brachial plexus supplying those muscles
What is a dermatome
An area of skin supplied by one single spinal nerve
Describe myelin
A fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulting layer. It is secreted by schwann cells
What is endoneuroum
Layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre
What is perineurium
A protective sheath that surrounds each fascicles
What is epineurium
Surround a nerve. A sheath which surrounds multiple fascicles
What do muscles in the same compartment share
Nerve supply and function
State the parts of the spinal column
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-5 coccygeal
What lies within the vertebral foramen
Spinal cord
What lies within the intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerve
What type of joint occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae’s
Symphysis- secondary cartilaginous joint
What type of joint occurs between the articulat facets of adjunct vertebrae
Synovial plane
What is c1 also known as
Atlas
What is c2 also known as
Axi
What is c7 also known as
Vertebra prominens
What do cervical vertebrae allow movement in
Horizontal/transverse plane - everything
What do thoracic vertebrae allow movement in
Coronal plane- lateral flexion and rotation
What do lumbar vertebrae allow move to in
Sagittal plane- flexion/extension
What are the main muscles of the vertebral column
Erector spinae muscles
What vertebral level is the spine of scapula
T3
What vertebral level is inferior angle of scapula
T7
What vertebral level is the summit of iliac crest
Spine of L4
Where is a lumbar puncture performed
L3/l4 in adult
L4/l5 for child
What main cell type is found in a lymphoid node
Lymphocytes
What is meant by term sentinel node
First node from which cancer can spread
Where is the thoracic duct located
On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall below vertebral level t4
What does the right lymphatic duct drain
Upper right quadrant
Where does the thoracic duct commence
At vertebral level L1 as the cisterna chyli
What does the thoracic duct drain into
Medial end of left subclavian vein
What does the spinal cord form at its distal end
Conus medullaris
What does the spinal cord terminate as
Filum terminale
At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate
Adult - L1/2
Child- L3
Which spinal nerves form the Cauda equina and from which spinal cord structure do they emerge
L2-L5, conus medullaris
Which nerve cell component makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord
Cell bodies
Which nerve cell component makes up the white matter if the spinal cord
Axons
Name the 3 layers of the meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Between what structures is the spinal epidural space found
Between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies
What do the autonomic fibres in spinal nerves supply
Organs, involuntary muscles and glands
Where are lateral horn cells located
Between spinal segments t1-l2
What structures do somatic pathways supply
Skeletal muscles
What structures do autonomic pathways supply
Smooth muscle shift
Define ganglia
Collection of nerve cell bodies
Which fibres are myelinated
White rc
Describe the splanchnic nerve
Supply the abdominal organs, but origanige in thorax, between spinal levels t6-t12, don’t synapse on thoracic sympathetic chain
What do limbs receive
Sympathetic supply, parasympathetic nerves do not travel to or supply any limb structure at all
What spinal nerves give rise to parasympathetic nerves
Cranial and sacral
Describe the pelvic splanchnic nevres
Originate from s2-s4 and supply with parasympathetic supply
What nerve impulses are associated with anterior horn cells
Motor
What nerve impulses are associated with posterior horn cells
Sensory
What nerve impulses are associated with lateral horn cells
Autonomic
What are the two main parts of the intervertebral disc
Annululous fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
What spinal nerves supply diaphragm
C3,4,5
