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anatomy > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what three structures constitute the birth canal

A

cervix
vagina
vulva

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

endothelium
myometrium
perimetrium

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3
Q

what area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from?

A

isthmus of the uterus

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4
Q

What could happen if the position of the uterus is very retroverted and retroflexed, particularly in early pregnancy? Think of the position of the other organs…

A

more pressure on bladder, can cause increased incontinence or difficulty urinating

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5
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina

A

superior recesses of the vagina formed by the protrusion of the cervix into vaginal vault

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6
Q

Through which vaginal fornix you can access the rectouterine pouch? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

posterior, allows drainage of fluid

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7
Q

Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia, which is one of the main supports of the uterus) is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

transverse cervical ligaments

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8
Q

Apart from pelvic fascia, what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?

A

cervix

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9
Q

state the 4 parts of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural or uterine part

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10
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is longest and widest?

A

ampulla

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11
Q

Fertilization occurs in which part of the uterine tube?

A

ampulla

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12
Q

What is meant by tubal (ectopic) pregnancy?

A

a blastocyst implants in the mucosa of the uterine tube

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13
Q

What might a cornual ectopic pregnancy be?

A

implantation occurs in the cavity of a rudimentary horn of uterus

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14
Q

what are the two ligaments associated with the ovary

A

from uterus to ovary - ligament of ovary

from ovary to lateral pelvic wall - suspensory ligament of ovary

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15
Q

At what vertebral level do the ovarian arteries originate?

A

L2

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16
Q

state blood supply to the gonads and genitalia is via two major branches from the aorta

A

the ovarian (gonadal) and internal iliac arteries.

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17
Q

into which vessel does the left ovarian vein drain

A

left renal vein

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18
Q

into which vessel does the right ovarian vein drain

A

IVC

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19
Q

where does the uterine artery cross

A

The uterine artery crosses over the ureter at the level of ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina.

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20
Q

Which group of lymph nodes drains the ovary?

A

para-aortic nodes

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21
Q

state the lymphatic drainage of the fungus and upper uterine body

A

pre-aortic group of lymph nodes

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22
Q

state the lymphatic drainage of most part of uterine body

A

iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes

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23
Q

state the lymphatic drainage of uterine cervix and upper vagina

A

internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

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24
Q

state the lymphatic drainage of lower vagina

A

superficial inguinal and perirectal

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25
Q

describe the anatomy of the mammary gland

A

Breast extends vertically from the 2nd rib to the 6th rib and horizontally from the lateral border of sternum to the mid-axillary line.

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26
Q

what is the deep surface of the great related to

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior

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27
Q

state the blood supply of the mammary gland

A

They are supplied by branches of subclavian and axillary arteries

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28
Q

state the main group of lymph nodes draining the breast

A 
AXILLARY 
lateral
apical
central
posterior
pectoral
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29
Q

Which group of lymph nodes first receives lymph from the lateral part (quadrant) of the breast tissue?

A

pectoral

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30
Q

state treatment of great cancer

A

1) Chemotherapy +/- Hormone Treatment (depending on the sub-type of breast cancer)
2) “Lumpectomy” + lymph node Biopsy (removal of suspicious lump, with surrounding biopsy of cancerous ‘hot’ lymph nodes – these are tagged using radioactive dye
3) Mastectomy + Axillary Clearance – Removal of breast + axillary tail.

31
Q

state a difference in the. histology of the mammary gland in pregnancy

A

large lipid filled acini/alveoli

32
Q

state muscular layers of the uterine tubes

A

serosa
mucosa
lumen
muscular mucosa

33
Q

what type of follicles can you see in an ovary

A

oocyte
follicular cell
primordial follicle

34
Q

describe the maternal side of the placenta

A

disc-shaped and the structure is rough and spongy

35
Q

describe the foetal side of the placenta

A

smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord

36
Q

list four functions of the placenta

A

gaseous exchange
provides nutrients
hormone secretion
fetal protection

37
Q

At what stage of labour does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

3rd stage

38
Q

What is the function of umbilical arteries in the foetal circulation?

A

carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from fetes to the placenta

39
Q

What structure (ligament) does the umbilical vein persist as?

A

round ligament of the liver

40
Q

What is the function of umbilical veins in the foetal circulation?

A

carry newly oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood back to fetes

41
Q

what bony landmarks create the boundaries of the perineum

A

pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosities
coccyx

42
Q

what are the two triangles of the perineum

A

urogenital triangle

anal triangle

43
Q

what bony prominences separate each of the triangle

A

ischial tuberosities

44
Q

what is the name given to the thin sheet of deep fascia stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis.

A

pelvic fascia

45
Q

state the action of the External anal sphincter

A

voluntary sphincter of anal canal

46
Q

state the action of the superficial perineal

A

fixes and stabilises perineal body

47
Q

state the action of the deep transverse perineal

A

forms urogenital diaphragm

48
Q

state the action of the external urethral sphincter

A

compresses urethra to maintain urinary continence

49
Q

state the action of the bulbospongoius

A 
male = aids full emptying of urethra after urination
female = allows clitoral erection
50
Q

state the action of ischiocavernous

A 
male= helps maintain erection
female= compresses corpus caverrosum, allows clitoral erection
51
Q

What are the potential consequences if the perineal body is damaged/ruptured during childbirth?

A

lead to possible prolapse of pelvic viscera

52
Q

state the two fasciae making up pelvic diaphragm

A

superior and inferior fascia

53
Q

what structures pierce through the pelvic diaphragm

A

urethra

vagina

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

55
Q

Which are the widest and narrowest parts of the male urethra and why?

A

widest – prostatic = receives ejaculatory ducts and prostatic ducts
narrowest – membranous = surrounded by external urethral sphincter

56
Q

what makes up the male external genitalia

A

The male external genitalia comprise of the testes, scrotum and penis,

57
Q

describe the penis

A

The penis is the male organ of copulation and is the common outlet for both urine and semen.
It comprises of the left and right corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum. The terminal aspect of the penis is the glans penis, covered by the prepuce (foreskin) and provides transit for the urethra via the external urethral meatus.

58
Q

The corpus cavernosa is covered by a fascial layer called

A

the tunica albuginea

59
Q

The urethra is transmitted through the

A

corpus spongiosum

60
Q

The majority of the erectile tissue in the penis is in the

A

corpus cavernous

61
Q

Sensory innervation of the penis is through the dorsal nerve of the penis, a branch of the ………………………………… nerve

A

pudendal nerve

62
Q

Where is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter located

A

neck of bladder

63
Q

is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter voluntary/involuntary and what is its innervation

A

involuntary

autonomic nervous system, pudendal nerve from S2 to S4

64
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?

A

distally and inferior to bladder neck

65
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in males?

A

same level as membranous urethra

66
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?

A

voluntary- somatic via pudendal

67
Q

state the contents of the vulva

A 
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
vestibule 
barthdins glands
clitoris
68
Q

state the supply of the vulva

A

pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery

69
Q

what is the vestibule

A

area enclosed by the labia minor and contains the terminal aspects of the vagina and urethra

70
Q

what is the clitoris

A

the erectile tissue found within the female external genitalia

71
Q

what is the anal triangle

A

the area between the ischial spines and coccyx. it contains the terminal part of the GI tract, the anus

72
Q

state the name of the fossa which allow the anal canal to expand during defection

A

2 fat containing fossa called ischia-anal (ischia-rectal) fossa

73
Q

what structures are present in the neuromuscular bundle in the lesser sciatic foramen

A

internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal vein, pudendal nerve

74
Q

what do the neurovascular structures in the lesser sciatic foramen supply

A

penis
perineum
anal canal

anatomy (12 decks)

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