reproduction Flashcards
what three structures constitute the birth canal
cervix
vagina
vulva
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
endothelium
myometrium
perimetrium
what area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from?
isthmus of the uterus
What could happen if the position of the uterus is very retroverted and retroflexed, particularly in early pregnancy? Think of the position of the other organs…
more pressure on bladder, can cause increased incontinence or difficulty urinating
What are the fornices of the vagina
superior recesses of the vagina formed by the protrusion of the cervix into vaginal vault
Through which vaginal fornix you can access the rectouterine pouch? What is the clinical significance of this?
posterior, allows drainage of fluid
Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia, which is one of the main supports of the uterus) is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?
transverse cervical ligaments
Apart from pelvic fascia, what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?
cervix
state the 4 parts of the uterine tube
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural or uterine part
Which part of the uterine tube is longest and widest?
ampulla
Fertilization occurs in which part of the uterine tube?
ampulla
What is meant by tubal (ectopic) pregnancy?
a blastocyst implants in the mucosa of the uterine tube
What might a cornual ectopic pregnancy be?
implantation occurs in the cavity of a rudimentary horn of uterus
what are the two ligaments associated with the ovary
from uterus to ovary - ligament of ovary
from ovary to lateral pelvic wall - suspensory ligament of ovary
At what vertebral level do the ovarian arteries originate?
L2
state blood supply to the gonads and genitalia is via two major branches from the aorta
the ovarian (gonadal) and internal iliac arteries.
into which vessel does the left ovarian vein drain
left renal vein
into which vessel does the right ovarian vein drain
IVC
where does the uterine artery cross
The uterine artery crosses over the ureter at the level of ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina.
Which group of lymph nodes drains the ovary?
para-aortic nodes
state the lymphatic drainage of the fungus and upper uterine body
pre-aortic group of lymph nodes
state the lymphatic drainage of most part of uterine body
iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes
state the lymphatic drainage of uterine cervix and upper vagina
internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes
state the lymphatic drainage of lower vagina
superficial inguinal and perirectal
describe the anatomy of the mammary gland
Breast extends vertically from the 2nd rib to the 6th rib and horizontally from the lateral border of sternum to the mid-axillary line.
what is the deep surface of the great related to
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
state the blood supply of the mammary gland
They are supplied by branches of subclavian and axillary arteries
state the main group of lymph nodes draining the breast
AXILLARY lateral apical central posterior pectoral
Which group of lymph nodes first receives lymph from the lateral part (quadrant) of the breast tissue?
pectoral
state treatment of great cancer
1) Chemotherapy +/- Hormone Treatment (depending on the sub-type of breast cancer)
2) “Lumpectomy” + lymph node Biopsy (removal of suspicious lump, with surrounding biopsy of cancerous ‘hot’ lymph nodes – these are tagged using radioactive dye
3) Mastectomy + Axillary Clearance – Removal of breast + axillary tail.
state a difference in the. histology of the mammary gland in pregnancy
large lipid filled acini/alveoli
state muscular layers of the uterine tubes
serosa
mucosa
lumen
muscular mucosa
what type of follicles can you see in an ovary
oocyte
follicular cell
primordial follicle
describe the maternal side of the placenta
disc-shaped and the structure is rough and spongy
describe the foetal side of the placenta
smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord
list four functions of the placenta
gaseous exchange
provides nutrients
hormone secretion
fetal protection
At what stage of labour does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?
3rd stage
What is the function of umbilical arteries in the foetal circulation?
carry deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from fetes to the placenta
What structure (ligament) does the umbilical vein persist as?
round ligament of the liver
What is the function of umbilical veins in the foetal circulation?
carry newly oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood back to fetes
what bony landmarks create the boundaries of the perineum
pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosities
coccyx
what are the two triangles of the perineum
urogenital triangle
anal triangle
what bony prominences separate each of the triangle
ischial tuberosities
what is the name given to the thin sheet of deep fascia stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis.
pelvic fascia
state the action of the External anal sphincter
voluntary sphincter of anal canal
state the action of the superficial perineal
fixes and stabilises perineal body
state the action of the deep transverse perineal
forms urogenital diaphragm
state the action of the external urethral sphincter
compresses urethra to maintain urinary continence
state the action of the bulbospongoius
male = aids full emptying of urethra after urination female = allows clitoral erection
state the action of ischiocavernous
male= helps maintain erection female= compresses corpus caverrosum, allows clitoral erection
What are the potential consequences if the perineal body is damaged/ruptured during childbirth?
lead to possible prolapse of pelvic viscera
state the two fasciae making up pelvic diaphragm
superior and inferior fascia
what structures pierce through the pelvic diaphragm
urethra
vagina
What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
prostatic
membranous
spongy
Which are the widest and narrowest parts of the male urethra and why?
widest – prostatic = receives ejaculatory ducts and prostatic ducts
narrowest – membranous = surrounded by external urethral sphincter
what makes up the male external genitalia
The male external genitalia comprise of the testes, scrotum and penis,
describe the penis
The penis is the male organ of copulation and is the common outlet for both urine and semen.
It comprises of the left and right corpus cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum. The terminal aspect of the penis is the glans penis, covered by the prepuce (foreskin) and provides transit for the urethra via the external urethral meatus.
The corpus cavernosa is covered by a fascial layer called
the tunica albuginea
The urethra is transmitted through the
corpus spongiosum
The majority of the erectile tissue in the penis is in the
corpus cavernous
Sensory innervation of the penis is through the dorsal nerve of the penis, a branch of the ………………………………… nerve
pudendal nerve
Where is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter located
neck of bladder
is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter voluntary/involuntary and what is its innervation
involuntary
autonomic nervous system, pudendal nerve from S2 to S4
Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?
distally and inferior to bladder neck
Where is the external urethral sphincter found in males?
same level as membranous urethra
Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?
voluntary- somatic via pudendal
state the contents of the vulva
mons pubis labia majora labia minora vestibule barthdins glands clitoris
state the supply of the vulva
pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery
what is the vestibule
area enclosed by the labia minor and contains the terminal aspects of the vagina and urethra
what is the clitoris
the erectile tissue found within the female external genitalia
what is the anal triangle
the area between the ischial spines and coccyx. it contains the terminal part of the GI tract, the anus
state the name of the fossa which allow the anal canal to expand during defection
2 fat containing fossa called ischia-anal (ischia-rectal) fossa
what structures are present in the neuromuscular bundle in the lesser sciatic foramen
internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal vein, pudendal nerve
what do the neurovascular structures in the lesser sciatic foramen supply
penis
perineum
anal canal
