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anatomy > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located

A

T10

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2
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternomaubrial joint found

A

T4/T5

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3
Q

What are the numbers of typical ribs

A

3-9

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4
Q

which ribs are true ribs

A

1 to 7

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5
Q

which ribs are false ribs

A

8 to 10

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6
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

11 and 12

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7
Q

what is special about the 1st rib

A

it articulates with only a single vertebra

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8
Q

what do a typical rib articulate with

A

the vertebral body of the same number as the rib and the vertebral body immediately above

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9
Q

what are the boundaries of the thoracic cage

A

bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet, inferiorly by the thoracic outlet, anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages, posteriorly by vertebrae T1-T12, laterally by ribs 1-12, and inferiorly by the diaphragm

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10
Q

which muscle is primarily used for breathing in a newborn

A

diaphragm

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11
Q

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the external intercostal muscle

A

inferomedial

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12
Q

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the internal intercostal muscle

A

inferolateral

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13
Q

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the innermost intercostal muscle

A

inferomedial

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14
Q

where would you insert a chest drain

A

5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to mid axillary line, superior to the inferior rib (bottom of space)

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15
Q

state the layers of extrapulmonary tubes

A

mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia

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16
Q

state the layers of the mucosa

A

the epithelium and a thin loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria

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17
Q

which type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract

A

hyaline

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18
Q

which connective tissue fibre predominates in lung alveoli

A

reticulin

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19
Q

which type of muscle fibre is found in the reparatory tract

A

smooth

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20
Q

name the two cell types found in the epithelial layer

A

goblet cells, basal cell

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21
Q

in which tissue layer are the secreting glands located

A

submucosa

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22
Q

what cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence

A

thyroid

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23
Q

which cartilages are attached to the vocal cords

A

arytenoid, thyroid

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24
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

T4

25
Q

what is the name of the keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea called

A

carina

26
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

27
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

28
Q

define hilum

A

the area on the medial surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung

29
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation

A

portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart

30
Q

describe bronchial circulation

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue and the larger airways

31
Q

what dermatome overlies the sternal angle

A

T2

32
Q

what dermatome overlies the nipple area

A

T4

33
Q

what dermatome overlies the umbilicus

A

T10

34
Q

what dermatome overlies the inguinal region

A

L1

35
Q

Name the major groups of lymph nodes

A 
axillary 
superficial and deep inguinal 
pectoral
tracheobronchial 
lumbar/pelvic
superficial cervical and deep cervical
36
Q

state key features of bronchiole histology

A

no cartilage, glands or goblet cells

37
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

38
Q

name the three cell types in the wall of an alveoli and give the function of each

A

type 1 pneumocytes - facilitate
type 2 pneumocytes - secrete surfactant
macrophages - clear air of infection

39
Q

state the two types of pleura

A

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

40
Q

what is the name of the space between the two pleura

A

pleural space or cavity

41
Q

what layer of the pleura enters and lines the fissures of the lungs

A

viceral

42
Q

what layer of pleura is sensitive to pain

A

parietal

43
Q

which nerve supplies pain sensation to the pleura

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

44
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

the presence of air within the plural space

45
Q

what is a haemothorax

A

presence of blood within the pleural space

46
Q

describe a pleural reflection

A

occurs where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface

47
Q

describe the relationship between rib and parietal pleura

A

pleura is always 2 spaces more than rib

48
Q

what course does the oblique fissure follow

A

6th rib

49
Q

what level does the horizontal fissure lie at

A

level of the 4th rib

50
Q

where would you perform a pleural aspiration

A

9th intercostal space in midaxillary line

51
Q

what kind of muscle is found in the diaphragm

A

skeletal

52
Q

what cardiac structure is firmly attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm

A

fibrous pericardium

53
Q

to which vertebra are the left and right crura attached

A

Left - L1-L2

right - L1-L3

54
Q

at what level is the opening for the inferior vena cava

A

T8

55
Q

at what level is the opening for the oesophagus

A

T10

56
Q

at what level is the opening for the aorta

A

T12

57
Q

What is a hiatus hernia

A

the abnormal protrusion of a structure into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

58
Q

what vertebral levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves

A

C3-C5

59
Q

on which lung can you find a lingula

A

left

anatomy (12 decks)

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