respiratory Flashcards
at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located
T10
At what vertebral level is the sternomaubrial joint found
T4/T5
What are the numbers of typical ribs
3-9
which ribs are true ribs
1 to 7
which ribs are false ribs
8 to 10
which ribs are floating ribs
11 and 12
what is special about the 1st rib
it articulates with only a single vertebra
what do a typical rib articulate with
the vertebral body of the same number as the rib and the vertebral body immediately above
what are the boundaries of the thoracic cage
bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet, inferiorly by the thoracic outlet, anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages, posteriorly by vertebrae T1-T12, laterally by ribs 1-12, and inferiorly by the diaphragm
which muscle is primarily used for breathing in a newborn
diaphragm
what is the muscle fibre orientation of the external intercostal muscle
inferomedial
what is the muscle fibre orientation of the internal intercostal muscle
inferolateral
what is the muscle fibre orientation of the innermost intercostal muscle
inferomedial
where would you insert a chest drain
5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to mid axillary line, superior to the inferior rib (bottom of space)
state the layers of extrapulmonary tubes
mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
state the layers of the mucosa
the epithelium and a thin loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria
which type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract
hyaline
which connective tissue fibre predominates in lung alveoli
reticulin
which type of muscle fibre is found in the reparatory tract
smooth
name the two cell types found in the epithelial layer
goblet cells, basal cell
in which tissue layer are the secreting glands located
submucosa
what cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence
thyroid
which cartilages are attached to the vocal cords
arytenoid, thyroid
where does the trachea bifurcate
T4
what is the name of the keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea called
carina
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
how many lobes does the left lung have
2
define hilum
the area on the medial surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung
describe the pulmonary circulation
portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart
describe bronchial circulation
supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue and the larger airways
what dermatome overlies the sternal angle
T2
what dermatome overlies the nipple area
T4
what dermatome overlies the umbilicus
T10
what dermatome overlies the inguinal region
L1
Name the major groups of lymph nodes
axillary superficial and deep inguinal pectoral tracheobronchial lumbar/pelvic superficial cervical and deep cervical
state key features of bronchiole histology
no cartilage, glands or goblet cells
what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
name the three cell types in the wall of an alveoli and give the function of each
type 1 pneumocytes - facilitate
type 2 pneumocytes - secrete surfactant
macrophages - clear air of infection
state the two types of pleura
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
what is the name of the space between the two pleura
pleural space or cavity
what layer of the pleura enters and lines the fissures of the lungs
viceral
what layer of pleura is sensitive to pain
parietal
which nerve supplies pain sensation to the pleura
phrenic and intercostal nerves
what is a pneumothorax
the presence of air within the plural space
what is a haemothorax
presence of blood within the pleural space
describe a pleural reflection
occurs where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface
describe the relationship between rib and parietal pleura
pleura is always 2 spaces more than rib
what course does the oblique fissure follow
6th rib
what level does the horizontal fissure lie at
level of the 4th rib
where would you perform a pleural aspiration
9th intercostal space in midaxillary line
what kind of muscle is found in the diaphragm
skeletal
what cardiac structure is firmly attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium
to which vertebra are the left and right crura attached
Left - L1-L2
right - L1-L3
at what level is the opening for the inferior vena cava
T8
at what level is the opening for the oesophagus
T10
at what level is the opening for the aorta
T12
What is a hiatus hernia
the abnormal protrusion of a structure into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm
what vertebral levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves
C3-C5
on which lung can you find a lingula
left
