urinary

Question 1

define the urinary system

Answer 1

a set of connected tubular structures which collectively function to maintain body homeostasis.

Question 2

name the component parts of the urinary system and the function of each part

Answer 2

kidney - maintains homeostasis by blood filtration
ureter - carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
bladder - stores urine
urethra - allows urine to pass outside the body

Question 3

describe the anatomical location of the kidney

Answer 3

lie in the paraverterbral gutters on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column between vertebrae T12-L3

Question 4

What parts of the kidney lie in the transpyloric plane

Answer 4

the hilum of the kidney (the part of the medial concave border of the kidney through which blood vessels and the ureter enter/leave the substance of the kidney)

Question 5

at which vertebral level does the transpyloric plane lie

Answer 5

L1

Question 6

which kidney lies lower and why

Answer 6

right due to liver

Question 7

name the 4 layers that surround the kidney

Answer 7

1. fibrous renal capsule
2. fatty renal capsule
3. renal fascia - fibro-fatty tissue
4. pararenal fatty tissue - mainly on the posterior aspects of the kidney

Question 8

name the muscles closely associated with the kidney

Answer 8

transversus abdominis
psoas major
qdratus lumborum

Question 9

name the structures which are related to the right kidney

Answer 9

suprarenal gland
liver 
diaphragm 
duodenum 
right colic flexure

Question 10

name the structures which are related to the left kidney

Answer 10

suprarenal gland 
spleen 
left colic flexure 
stomach 
pancreas 
jejunum

Question 11

describe the nerve supply to the kidney

Answer 11

sympathetic nerves originate in the T12 and L1 spinal segments, pass through the coeliac ganglia and along the renal artery to the organ.
parasympathetic nerves are derived from the vagus nerve

Question 12

describe the lymphatic drainage of the kidney

Answer 12

lymph from the kidneys drain to the para- aortic lymph nodes around the origin of renal arteries (L1)

Question 13

from which embryological structure does the definitive kidney develop

Answer 13

metanephor

Question 14

what does the ureter develop from

Answer 14

cloaca

Question 15

state the different internal structures of the kidney

Answer 15

renal cortex
renal medulla 
major calyx 
parenchyma 
renal pelvis
minor calyx 
ureter 
pyramids 
renal column 
fibrous capsule

Question 16

where does bowman capsule lie

Answer 16

lies between the parietal and visceral layer

Question 17

state the blood supply of the kidneys

Answer 17

• right renal vein
• left renal vein
• right renal artery
• left renal artery

Question 18

at what vertebral level are the paired renal arteries given off from the abdominal aorta

Answer 18

between L1-L2

Question 19

what happens to the renal arteries at the hilum of the kidney

Answer 19

form an anterior and posterior artery - form 5 segmental arteries

Question 20

describe the course of the renal veins and artery

Answer 20

note the relationship of the inferior vena cava to the aorta; this means that the left renal vein travels anterior to the aorta and is relatively long, while the right renal vein travels direct and is relatively short.
Conversely, the right renal artery travels posterior to the inferior vena cava and is relatively long, while the left renal artery travels directly and is relatively short.

Question 21

identify the vein that travels upwards (from the pelvis) to drain into the left renal vein on the left side and the IVC on the right side.

Answer 21

common iliac vein

Question 22

describe the ureter

Answer 22

the ureter is a retroperitoneal, distensible muscular tube that connects the kidney. The proximal portion lies in the abdominal cavity, the distal portion in the cavity.

Question 23

state the three constriction in the urerter where calculi may lodge

Answer 23

1. junction of the ureters and renal pelvis
2. ureters cross the brim of pelvic inlet
3. during passage through wall of urinary bladder

Question 24

which part of the bladder do the ureters enter

Answer 24

posterior aspect in triogone

Question 25

from which part of the bladder does the urethra exit

Answer 25

ureteric orifices

Question 26

describe the apex of the urinary bladder

Answer 26

this is the site from which the median umbilical ligament ascends to the umbilicus

Question 27

what is the apex of the urinary bladder a remnant of

Answer 27

urachus

Question 28

what kind of tissue makes up the walls of urinary bladder

Answer 28

epithelial tissue - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 29

what bony joint lies immediately anterior to the urinary bladder

Answer 29

pubis symphysis

Question 30

describe the peritoneal relations

Answer 30

parietal peritoneum from the inferior part of anterior abdominal all drapes over the superior surface of the urinary bladder and dips down behind the posterior surface to form peritoneal pouches

Question 31

what kind of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and ureter

Answer 31

specilaized stratified epithelium - urothelium

Question 32

what is the advantage of having urothelium in these structures

Answer 32

allows it to stretch and return to normal size

Question 33

describe the urethra

Answer 33

this is the tube that arises from the inferior part of the urinary bladder and caries urine from the bladder to the exterior

Question 34

state the position of the ureters

Answer 34

they are more or less in alignment with the tips of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae. The ureters enter the pelvis by crossing the division of the common iliac artery into the internal and external iliac arteries