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anatomy > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

in which part of the chest is the heart found

A

middle mediastinum

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2
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

an outermost, thick, fibrous, connective tissue layer

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3
Q

describe the composition of the heart wall

A

an inner endocardium composed of many layers of squamous epithelium
a middle myocardium composed of many layers of cardiac muscle
an outer epicardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium

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4
Q

what protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium

A

protects heart against overfilling because it is unyielding and closely related to the great vessels

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5
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity, impedes the normal filling of the heart

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6
Q

which layer of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres

A

parietal

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7
Q

what role do the auricles have in adults

A

collects oxygenates blood and deoxygenated blood and moved into left/right ventricle

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8
Q

what chamber forms the apex of the heart

A

left ventricle

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9
Q

what chamber forms the base of the heart

A

left atrium

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10
Q

what is the fossa ovalis a remnant of

A

foramen ovale

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11
Q

what function did the foramen ovale have

A

shunt that bypasses the lungs

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12
Q

how is atrial septal defect characterised

A

defect in the interartrial septum allowing a pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium

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13
Q

what is the function of the moderator band

A

connects the intraventricular septum with the anterior wall of right ventricle

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14
Q

how many cusps and papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle

A

3,3

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15
Q

which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left. ventricle ventricle

A

bicuspid (mitral)

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16
Q

what is the function of papillary muscles

A

prevent inversion or prolapse of valves on systole

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17
Q

what is the function of the chordae tendineae

A

connects papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valve in heart

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18
Q

what is the heart wall supplied by

A

coronary arteries

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19
Q

how is the blood drained from the heart

A

cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus

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20
Q

from which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise

A

aortic sinus of ascending aorta

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21
Q

which pair of coronary arteries anastomoses one in the coronary sulcus

A

right coronary and circumflex

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22
Q

what are venae cordis minimae

A

small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

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23
Q

what is the role of the aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood around the body

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24
Q

at which vertebral level does the aortic arch occur at

A

T4

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25
Q

at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

L4

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26
Q

at which vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate

A

L5

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27
Q

which chest wall arteries arise from the descending abdominal aorta

A

posterior intercostal, subcostal arteries, superior and inferior left bronchial arteries

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28
Q

which chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery

A

anterior intercostal

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29
Q

which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery

A

subclavian artery

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30
Q

describe the differences between arteries and veins

A
  • arteries have branches, veins have tributaries
  • arteries always lead away from the heart and veins towards the heart, irrespective of the oxygen content of blood carried
  • the great arteries leaving the heart are the aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • the great veins entering the heart are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cave
31
Q

what does the superior vena cava drain

A

drains blood from the head, neck and upper limbs

32
Q

what does the inferior vena cava drain

A

drains blood from abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs

33
Q

name the tributaries of the SVC

A

left and right brachiocephalic veins

azygos vein

34
Q

name the tributaries of the IVC

A

left and right common iliac veins

35
Q

describe the azygos venous system

A

drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC. Consists of azygos vein on right side, and hemiazygos Venous system on left side

36
Q

into which vein does the azygos vein drain

A

superior vena cava

37
Q

at which bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

A

lateral border of first rib

38
Q

in which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery

A

cubital fossa

39
Q

state the palpable lower limb pulses

A

femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries

40
Q

the femoral artery is a distal continuation of which artery

A

external iliac

41
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein predominantly in the legs

42
Q

what is pulmonary embolism

A

a potentially life-threatening complication, is caused by the detachment of the clot that travels to the lungs

43
Q

describe varicose veins

A

veins that have become enlarged and twisted. when veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work (valvular incompetence). This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more.

44
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain

A

3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein

45
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

the right upper quadrant

46
Q

where is the thoracic duct is located

A

on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the descending thoracic thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

47
Q

where does the thoracic duct commence

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

48
Q

name the parietal lymph nodes of the thorax

A

parasternal, phrenic,intercostal

49
Q

what are purkinje cells

A

modified cardiac muscles cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses

50
Q

where does SA node lie

A

near the opening of the SVC in then right atrium

51
Q

where does AV node lie

A

in inferior part of intertribal septum

52
Q

where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie

A

within each side of the inter ventricular septum

53
Q

where does the heart lie when recumbent

A

in front of the oesophagus and vertebra T5-T8

54
Q

where is the apex beat located

A

5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line

55
Q

which chamber forms the right border of heart

A

right atrium

56
Q

which chamber forms the left border of the heart

A

left ventricle

57
Q

which chamber forms the inferior border of the heart

A

left ventricle

58
Q

which chamber forms the superior border of the heart

A

left and right atrium

59
Q

anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated

A

T5-8

60
Q

in which order do the heart valves lie

A

p- a- m - t

61
Q

where would you listen for the pulmonary valve

A

2nd left space, parasternally

62
Q

where would you listen for the aortic valve

A

2nd right space, parasternally

63
Q

where would you listen for the mitral valve

A

5th left space, mid clavicular line (apex)

64
Q

where would you listen for the tricuspid valve

A

over lower sternum, or just to right of it

65
Q

name the layers of the heart

A

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

66
Q

state the types of arteries

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

67
Q

what type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

conducting and elastic

68
Q

what type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries

A

muscular and distributing

69
Q

what tissue predominates in the tunica media of arterioles

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

what are valves formed from

A

tunica intima

71
Q

what is an aneurysm of the arch of the aorta

A

a bulging and weakness in the wall of the aortic arch

72
Q

what does the azygos vein drain

A

posterior intercostal vein

73
Q

what controls the intrinsic rhythmicity of the myocardium

A

a pacemaker situated adjacent to the opening of the IVC in the right atrium

anatomy (12 decks)

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