cardio Flashcards
in which part of the chest is the heart found
middle mediastinum
what is the fibrous pericardium
an outermost, thick, fibrous, connective tissue layer
describe the composition of the heart wall
an inner endocardium composed of many layers of squamous epithelium
a middle myocardium composed of many layers of cardiac muscle
an outer epicardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
what protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium
protects heart against overfilling because it is unyielding and closely related to the great vessels
what is cardiac tamponade
occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity, impedes the normal filling of the heart
which layer of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres
parietal
what role do the auricles have in adults
collects oxygenates blood and deoxygenated blood and moved into left/right ventricle
what chamber forms the apex of the heart
left ventricle
what chamber forms the base of the heart
left atrium
what is the fossa ovalis a remnant of
foramen ovale
what function did the foramen ovale have
shunt that bypasses the lungs
how is atrial septal defect characterised
defect in the interartrial septum allowing a pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium
what is the function of the moderator band
connects the intraventricular septum with the anterior wall of right ventricle
how many cusps and papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle
3,3
which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left. ventricle ventricle
bicuspid (mitral)
what is the function of papillary muscles
prevent inversion or prolapse of valves on systole
what is the function of the chordae tendineae
connects papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valve in heart
what is the heart wall supplied by
coronary arteries
how is the blood drained from the heart
cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus
from which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise
aortic sinus of ascending aorta
which pair of coronary arteries anastomoses one in the coronary sulcus
right coronary and circumflex
what are venae cordis minimae
small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart
what is the role of the aorta
carries oxygenated blood around the body
at which vertebral level does the aortic arch occur at
T4
at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
L4
at which vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate
L5
which chest wall arteries arise from the descending abdominal aorta
posterior intercostal, subcostal arteries, superior and inferior left bronchial arteries
which chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery
anterior intercostal
which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery
subclavian artery
describe the differences between arteries and veins
- arteries have branches, veins have tributaries
- arteries always lead away from the heart and veins towards the heart, irrespective of the oxygen content of blood carried
- the great arteries leaving the heart are the aorta and pulmonary trunk
- the great veins entering the heart are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cave
what does the superior vena cava drain
drains blood from the head, neck and upper limbs
what does the inferior vena cava drain
drains blood from abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs
name the tributaries of the SVC
left and right brachiocephalic veins
azygos vein
name the tributaries of the IVC
left and right common iliac veins
describe the azygos venous system
drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC. Consists of azygos vein on right side, and hemiazygos Venous system on left side
into which vein does the azygos vein drain
superior vena cava
at which bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
lateral border of first rib
in which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery
cubital fossa
state the palpable lower limb pulses
femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries
the femoral artery is a distal continuation of which artery
external iliac
what is deep vein thrombosis
the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein predominantly in the legs
what is pulmonary embolism
a potentially life-threatening complication, is caused by the detachment of the clot that travels to the lungs
describe varicose veins
veins that have become enlarged and twisted. when veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work (valvular incompetence). This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more.
where does the thoracic duct drain
3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein
where does the right lymphatic duct drain
the right upper quadrant
where is the thoracic duct is located
on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the descending thoracic thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
where does the thoracic duct commence
L1 as the cisterna chyli
name the parietal lymph nodes of the thorax
parasternal, phrenic,intercostal
what are purkinje cells
modified cardiac muscles cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses
where does SA node lie
near the opening of the SVC in then right atrium
where does AV node lie
in inferior part of intertribal septum
where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie
within each side of the inter ventricular septum
where does the heart lie when recumbent
in front of the oesophagus and vertebra T5-T8
where is the apex beat located
5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line
which chamber forms the right border of heart
right atrium
which chamber forms the left border of the heart
left ventricle
which chamber forms the inferior border of the heart
left ventricle
which chamber forms the superior border of the heart
left and right atrium
anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated
T5-8
in which order do the heart valves lie
p- a- m - t
where would you listen for the pulmonary valve
2nd left space, parasternally
where would you listen for the aortic valve
2nd right space, parasternally
where would you listen for the mitral valve
5th left space, mid clavicular line (apex)
where would you listen for the tricuspid valve
over lower sternum, or just to right of it
name the layers of the heart
tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia
state the types of arteries
elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles
what type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk
conducting and elastic
what type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries
muscular and distributing
what tissue predominates in the tunica media of arterioles
smooth muscle
what are valves formed from
tunica intima
what is an aneurysm of the arch of the aorta
a bulging and weakness in the wall of the aortic arch
what does the azygos vein drain
posterior intercostal vein
what controls the intrinsic rhythmicity of the myocardium
a pacemaker situated adjacent to the opening of the IVC in the right atrium
