Y1 RANDOM Flashcards
What is the blood volume in a new born?
80-100 ml/kg
What is the RR in a new born?
Initially 50 breaths/min falling to 40 b/m on average
What are the types of cells in the lung alveoli and what do they do?
Alveolar surface is mostly formed by two types of epithelial cells
Type-I: most of the alveolar surface (∼95%) is covered by type I cells, these are flattened cells, role in producing lung liquid
Type II: produces surfactant; a lipoprotein, forms a barrier between cells and air and would decrease the surface tension
Macrophages: which remove particles and microorganisms coming with the air
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace , Activity and Respiration
Which 5 hormones stimulates growth of the gravid uterus?
Relaxin, progesterone, oestrogen, hCG, Oxitocin.
How much does the weight of the uterus increase from pre pregnancy to term?
During normal pregnancy the weight of the uterus increase 10 to 20 fold from about 44g in the primigravida to 1100 grams at term. It increases with successive pregnancies.
When should you perform an abdominal examination?
At each antenatal assessment from the 24 weeks of pregnancy, adapted according to gestation (NICE 2008 reviewed 2016)
Prior to auscultation of the fetal heart
Before a vaginal examination
Throughout labour
name 3 functions of the vagina
Immune function
Sexual function
Birth canal
what is the pH of the vagina? What could change this?
3.5-4.5. Menstruation, Intercourse (Siemen is alkali). Could lead to thrush.
What is the process of capacitation?
Maturing of sperms in the cervical crypts.
when does the embryo become a fetus?
w 9
On what day does gastrulation start?
day 15
The epiblast sits atop the …?
Hypoblast
What is the “spine” of the embryo called?
Notochord
What is a Zygote?
A fertilised Ovum
Where is the vasomotor centre located?
In the Medulla Oblongata.
What is epithelium?
Epithelium (epi- + thele + -ium) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue. The other three types are connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body.
What’s the pH of blood?
around 7.4.
What are normal HB values in pregnancy?
10.8- 14.6 g/dl
What is the normal increase of blood volume in pregnancy?
30-50%
Which harmful materials enter the lymph vessels?
Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris
Lymphocytes are a type of..
Leucocyte (WBC)
Which are the four Lymphatic organs?
Spleen (blood filter, removes old red blood cells)
Thymus (T Lymphocytes)
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches (In the small intestine)
What type of cell is a Macrophage?
Phagocytic cell
Name three properties of the active immune system
Antigen specific—recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
Systemic—not restricted to the initial infection site
Memory—recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
What are Antigens?
Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response Examples of common antigens Foreign proteins (strongest) Large carbohydrates Some lipids Microorganisms
What are Haptens?
Incomplete antigens that cause an immune response, makes them attack the bodys own cells- causing ALLERGIES
What deceases are screened for through blood tests during booking appointment?
Hep B, Syphilis, HIV, Thalassemia, Sickle cell decease (if there is family history)
What 4 things does a newborn examination look for?
eyes (congenital cataract), heart (cardiac conditions), hips (hip dysplasia), undescended testes.
What type of screening scans are offered in pregnancy?
Dating scan: this is the first trimester scan. The main goal of this scan is to determine if it is a single or multiple pregnancy and date the pregnancy by measuring the size of the fetus from top to bottom, which is known as crown rump length (CRL). However, at this stage it is possible to start suspecting fetal anomalies by measuring the nuchal translucency (NT): the amount of fluid under the skin behind the neck of the fetus. It is offered between 11 and 14 weeks.
Anomaly scan: This is the second trimester scan, it is offered between 18 and 21 weeks. The main goal of this scan is to screen for the 11 of conditions discussed above (it is not specifically designed for Down’s syndrome)
which are the blood tests that are offered when screening for trisomies?
Combined serum test (CST): This test combines the measurement of the nuchal fold from the dating scan with the results of maternal serum hormones (bHCG and PAPP-A) to estimate the risk or chances of carrying a baby affected with any of the three trisomies. This test can only be offered between 10 and 14 weeks.
Quadruple test (QT): this test is an alternative to the CST when either, nuchal translucency cannot be obtained at the dating scan, or it is too late in the pregnancy for the CST. However, it only screens for T21 and it also has a lower detection rate. It can be used between 15 and 20 weeks and it measures four maternal serum hormones: alpha fetoprotein (AFP), bHCG, oestriol and inhibin A).
what would a urine dipstick showing blood, leucocytes, nitrate and protein indicate?
UTI
what would a urine dipstick showing protein in combination with high blood pressure indicate?
pre-eclampsia
what would a urine dipstick showing ketones and glucose indicate?
Diabetes
What is the greatest cause of maternal death?
Suicide
