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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X Oncology - Pain / Cancer (Burke 8, 12) > Flashcards

X Oncology - Pain / Cancer (Burke 8, 12) Flashcards

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1
Q

Methods of heat loss

A
  • sweating

- vasodilation

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2
Q

Methods of heat conservation

A
  • vasoconstriction

- curling up (fetal position)

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3
Q

result of heat applied to large body area

A

Excessive Peripheral Vasodilation
-diverts lots of blood from internal organs

DOWN BP (Orthostatic Hypotension)

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4
Q

Effects of HEAT

A
  • vasodilation
  • UP capillary permeability (leaky)
  • UP local cellular metabolism
  • UP blood flow in area
  • UP lymph flow
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5
Q

Effects of COLD

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • DOWN capillary permeability
  • DOWN local cellular metabolism
  • DOWN nerve conduction
  • DOWN blood flow
  • DOWN lymph flow
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6
Q

What part of brain senses temperature and reacts

A

Hypothalmus

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7
Q

Body will adapt to hot and cold in a short time, but rarely adapts to what kind of pain?

A

DEEP pain

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8
Q

Rebound Phenomenon: HEAT

A
  • cells w vadodilate with applied heat.
  • Max vasodilation 20-30min
  • after 30-45min, tissue becomes congested and blood vessels constrict
  • 1 hr recovery time before reapplication
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9
Q

Rebound Phenomenon: COLD

A

-max vasoconstriction at skin temp 15c, 30min - 60min
-DOWN blood flow
recovery time, 1 hr advised

30min on, 30min off (Ms Green said)

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10
Q

Therapeutic uses of heat

A
  • relax muscles
  • reduce swelling (open capillaries, lymph picks up interstitial)
  • UP inflammatory process to fight infection
  • UP cellular metabolism to promote healing and new tissue growth
  • DOWN pain
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11
Q

Therapeutic uses of cold

A
  • prevent edema on new injuries
  • DOWN pain
  • vasoconstriction to reduce bleeding
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12
Q

DO NOT use Heat or Cold on….

A
  • neuro-sensory impairment (diabetic neuropathy)
  • impaired mental status
  • impaired circulation (PVD, Buergers disease)
  • right after surgery
  • hemorrhage

PVD: peripheral vascular disease
Buergers: blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi). This eventually damages or destroys skin tissues and may lead to infection and gangrene.

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13
Q

Complication of Heat/Cold

A

HEAT

  • pain
  • blotching
  • numbness

COLD

  • masceration (wet, wrinkly, pruny skin)
  • ischemia
  • burns
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14
Q

when applying temp therapy, DO NOT allow patient to ….

A
  • adjust temp
  • move an application
  • move away from temp source (proper positioning)
  • do not leave alone if patient has impaired ability to sense temp.
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15
Q

***What # Vital Sign is PAIN?

A

5th Vital Sign

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16
Q

description of Pain

A

subjective response to physical and phsychologic stressors

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17
Q

Nocicepters

A

nerve endings in skin activated when NOXIOUS stimuli applied

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18
Q

NOXIOUS stimuli

A

unpleasant stimuli

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19
Q

What causes pain process to begin?

A

Noxious Stimuli

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20
Q

once tissue damage from noxious stimuli occurs, what begins?

A

Inflammation

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21
Q

Inflammation causes release of what?

A

nociceptors

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22
Q

Four steps of PAIN impluses

A

1) transduction
2) transmission
3) perception
4) modulation

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23
Q

Transduction

A

noxios stimuli change into electrical action potential stimulus that send implulses through CNS

through mylenated fibers (white matter)

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24
Q

Transmission

A

2nd step, sending impulses from AFFERENT neurons (towards CNS) to dorsal horn in spinal cord where they synapse (transmit an impulse)

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25
Q

Perception

A

processing of pain impulse to thalamus and cerebral cortex. Pain perceived and interpreted.

When sensation reaches a conscious level, patient experiences pain

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26
Q

Pain Threshold

A

point which person recognizes pain. (varies little between people)

Closely related to actual tissue damage

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27
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

amount and duration one can stand before seeking relief. (varies among all)

each person’s tolerance is NOT to be judged as acceptable or unacceptable. Should be accepted as basis for pain management

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28
Q

Modulation

A

last step in pain conduction

bodies attempts to decrease perception of pain by releasing endorphins.

Efferent fibers run from cerebral cortex to dorsal horn.

Pain inhibited or modulated. ENDORPHINS released.

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29
Q

** How do ENDORPHINS stop pain process

A

Endorphins bind with opiate receptors on neurons and inhibit release of substance P. STOPS pain impulse transmission

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30
Q

Gate-Control Theory of Pain

A

when pain travels from skin to substantia gelatinosa from dorsal horn of spinal cord, substantia gelatinos can OPEN or CLOSE the gate to transmit pain impulses to brain

when small Cfibers stimulated, gate OPEN andpain transmitted

when large ADelta fibers stimulated, gate CLOSED, pain inhibited

Whichever sensation makes it through far first is the sensation that is perceived .

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31
Q

Types of Pain

A

1) ACUTE: temporary, sudden onset, localized. 6mos or less.
2) CHRONIC: prolonged pain, longer than 6mos. may not know cause (causes depressed, withdrawn, immobile, irritable, controlling) Body adapts to constant pain. (i.e. arthritis, migraine etc)
3) NEUROPATHIC: damage/dysfunction of CNS or PNS (CNS result from brain lesions/stroke, PNS nerve compression from tumor, trauma, trigeminal neuralgia, long term ETOH use)(numbness, burning, shooting, tingling
4) PSYCHOGENIC: from emotional causes. often accompanied by depression

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32
Q

Type of Acute Pain

A

1) Cutaneous pain: skin/superficial (sharp, cutting, burning, localized) Throbbing when blood vessels involved
2) Deep somatic pain: injury to deep body structures (muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, joints) Dull, diffuse
3) Visceral pain: from body organs lined w viscera. Deep, dull, poorly localized (nausea, vomiting, hypo tension, weakness)
* ** 4) Referred pain: unpleasant sensation starts onsite but perceived in another area distant from site and stimuli

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33
Q

*** Referred Pain

A

pain begins on one side but felt in another area. (i.e. inflamed gallbladder felt in shoulder. Angina form Ischemia of heart felt in left arm or jaw.)

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34
Q

Chronic Malignant Pain aka

A

Cancer Pain
pain resulting from Cancer disease. tumor pressing on nerves or other structures, stretching of Viscera, metastasis to bones)

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35
Q

Acute vs Chronic Pain:

Automonomic Responses

A

Autonomic Responses

ACUTE:

  • UP BP, Pulse, Resp
  • pupils dilated
  • skin diaphoretic, pale, cool

CHRONIC:

  • Vital signs normal
  • pupils normal
  • skin dry, warm, normal color
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36
Q

Acute vs Chronic Pain:

Psychologic Responses

A

Phsychologic Responses

ACUTE: Anxious, facial grimacing, guarding, crying

CHRONIC: depression, hopelessness, frustration
DOWN sleep and appetite

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37
Q

Allodynia

A

pain resulting from stimulus hat usually would not cause pain. (in neuropathic pain)

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38
Q

Phantom Limb pain

A

occurs after surgical or traumatic amputation of a limb. steel feel itching, tingling, pressure, burning or stabbing. may be due to stimulation of severed nerves at site of amputation. treatment often complex and unsuccesful

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39
Q

Types of Pain meds

A
  • analgesics: releive/reduce pain
  • nonopioids: pain releif NOT derived from Opium (Tylenol (analgesic w NO anti inflammatory effects, and NSAIDs)
  • opioids
  • adjuvant analgesics
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40
Q

NON Opioid / NSAIDs

A

MILD pain

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

ACT of peripheral nervous sytsem.

reduce pain by interfering w prostoaglandin synthesei. (ie.e aspirin, ibuprofen, ketorolac)

DO have an analgesic ceiling

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41
Q

Analgesic Ceiling

A

increasing dose beyond certain dose will NOT increase pain relief effect.

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42
Q

Opioids

A

MILD - SEVERE pain

derived from opium plant

analgesia by binding to opioid receptors in CNS (brain /spinal cord)

types: Agonist (morphine, hydromorphone, codeine) / Antagonists (buprenorphine, nalbuphine)

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43
Q

Adjuvent Analgesics

A

drugs with other specific used that provide analgesia in clients w chronic nonmalignant and cancer pain.

i.e.
Anticunvulsants for diabetic neuropathy and neuralgia

Antidepressants used to promote sleeping patterns

Systemic anesthetics for cancer pain

Corticosteroids for mestatic bone cancer pain

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44
Q

Giving Meds Safely - p155

A

review Table 8-3

** NOTE: Client teaching on Opioids: used to treat severe pain and unlikely to case ADDICTION

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45
Q

Routes of Pain Med administration

A 
Oral
Rectal
Transdermal
IM
IV
SubQ
Intraspinal
Nerve Blocks
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46
Q

Equianalgesic doses

See chart pg 156, Burke

A

different narcotics given by different routes have same analgesic effect

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47
Q

Surgery as a pain relief measure only performed when? Types

A

after all other methods have failed.

Cordotomoy: cut nerve. message doesn’t travel
Neurectomy: removal of nerve
Sympathectomy: destroy involved sympathetic nerve
Rhizotomy: sever dorsal spinal roots (relieve cancer pain of head, neck, lungs)

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48
Q

TENS unit

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (Gate Control Theory)

relieve chronic benign pain and acute post-op pain. sends low voltage to muscles.

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49
Q

Relaxation Techniques

A
  • Diaphragmatic breathing
  • Progressive muscle relaxation (squeeze, release)
  • Guided imagery
  • mediation
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50
Q

Addiction

A

condition of seeking drugs habitually and of not being able to give them up without adverse effects

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51
Q

Physical dependence

A

occurs when body adapts to chemical substances over an extended period of time. abrupt cessation causes withdrawal

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51
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Released from damaged tissue

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52
Q

Afferent

A

Towards brain

WHITE MATTER

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53
Q

Efferent

A

Away from brain to limb

Grey matter

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55
Q

Why is pain beneficial?

A

Warns us of tissue damage

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56
Q

Factors affecting pain

A
  • past experience w pain
  • pain tolerance LOW because of stress, fatigue, anxiety
  • pain tolerance UP when warm?
  • ETOH - distration
  • Spiritual Practice
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57
Q

The Meaning of pain has an affect on patient as well

A

child birth - baby (positive)

cancer - surgery (negative)

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57
Q

Lung cancer usually metastasises where?

A

Liver

58
Q

PIGS

A

Lead container that radiation implant should be placed in w long forceps

59
Q

How does Chemo work?

A

Targets rapidly dividing cells,

Cancer cells,hair, nails, bone marrow, gut lining

61
Q

Anemia

A

LOW RBC

61
Q

Neutropenia

Neutropenic Precautions

A

Common result of chemo
Low WBC

Precautions:
NO fresh fruit/flowers
NO farm
NO cat litter etc.

63
Q

Anemia

A

LOW RBC

pale, SOB, easily fatigues

64
Q

Blast cells

A

Young cells.

Blast affected disease happen mostly in your children

Retinoblastoma, eye
Glioblastoma, brain

64
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

LOW platelets

SYMP
easily bruised
bleeding gums
occult bleeding
petichea
65
Q

Normal rates of

WBC
PLATELETS
RBC

A

Red blood cell count Male: 4.32-5.72 trillion cells/L*
(4.32-5.72 million cells/mcL**)
Female: 3.90-5.03 trillion cells/L
(3.90-5.03 million cells/mcL)

White blood cell count 3.5-10.5 billion cells/L
(3,500 to 10,500 cells/mcL)
Platelet count 150-450 billion/L
(150,000 to 450,000/mcL**)

66
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone tumor

Usually in kids, amputation

67
Q

Cancer hotspots

A

Types of cancer common in certain areas

68
Q

Oncology

A

Study of taking care of cancer patient

69
Q

Tumor

A

Lump/swelling or abnormal cells

70
Q

Neoplasms

A

Mass of abnormal cells

Benign
Malignant

71
Q

Benign

A

Cels grow slower
Stays local
Well encapsulated
Respond to body controls

73
Q

Malignant

A
  • Not responsive to body controls
  • Irregular shape
  • Local necrosis
  • Expands out
  • Aggressive
  • Create own blood supply by stimulating blood vessels to grow towards them
74
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of malignant cells

75
Q

Cause factors of Cancer

A

External: chemicals, radiation, viruses
Internal: hormones, chemo drugs, recreational drugs, immune conditions, inherited mutations

76
Q

Risk factors for Cancer

A

Uncontrollable:
Heredity, age, gender, poverty

Controllable:
emotion, diet, weight, occupation, infection, drug/alch use, sun exposure, stress, cig smoking

77
Q

Routine Cancer Checkups

A
  • breast
  • colon/rectum
  • cervix/uterus
  • prostate
78
Q

Physiologic manifestations of cancer

A
  • pain (acute, chronic)
  • disruption of function
  • hematologic alterations
  • infection
  • hemorrhage
  • anorexia/cachexia
  • stress
79
Q

Psychologic manifestions

A

-stress, greif, guilt, fear, anxiety, powerlessness, isolation, body image, sex dysfunction

80
Q

The ONLY way to diagnose cancer

A

Biopsy

81
Q

Tumor ID by a,b,c?

A
  • Classification: tissue/cell of origin
  • Grading: amount of differentiation/rate of growth
  • Staging: size and extent of disease
82
Q

Staging System

A

TNM (Tumor, Node, Matastasis)

TUMOR:
0: no evidence of primary tumor
IS: in situ (no change, still confined orig site.)
T1,T2,T3,T4: degrees of tumor size

NODE:
0:

82
Q

Staging Syste

see table 12-4

A

TNM (Tumor, Node, Matastasis)

TUMOR:
0: no evidence of primary tumor
IS: in situ (no change)
T1,T2,T3,T4: degrees of tumor size

NODE:
0: no abnormal regional nodes
N1,

83
Q

Goals of Medica Treatment

A
  • eliminate tumor or malignant cells
  • prevent metastasis
  • reduce cellar growth and tumor burden
  • promote functional abilities and provide pain relief
84
Q

Cancer treatments

A

-surgery
- radiation therapy: internal/external
- chemo
- bio therapy/ immunotherapy
- bone marrow transplant
- complementary therapies
-

85
Q

Oncological Emergencies

A
  • periodical effusion and neoplasticism cardiac tamponade
  • superior vena cava syndrome
  • sepsis and septic shock
  • spinal cord compression
  • obstructive uropathy
  • Hypercalcemia
  • hyperuricemia
  • tumor lysis syndrome
86
Q

77% of cancer cases occur after age…

A

55

87
Q

Most frequent cancer in women

A

breast

88
Q

most frequent cancer in men

A

prostate

89
Q

Leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women

A

lung

90
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

malignant cells break away from the primary tumor, traveling through blood or lymph to invade other tissue.

91
Q

*** Most common sites of metastasis

A

1 -lympth

then
liver, lungs, bones, brain

92
Q

Carcinogens

A

cancer causing agent, damage cellular DNA

93
Q

how many mutations required for a malignant tumore cell to develop

A

6 or more mutations

94
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

INITIATION and proliferation of mutant cell
PROMOTION of abnormal cell growth
PROGRESSION of the abnormal mutant cells to malignancy

95
Q

Oncogenes

A

genes capable of promoting uncontrolled cellular growth, normally repressed

96
Q

Angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels within the tumor, tumor releases chemicals to stimulate blood vessel growth.

97
Q

Causes of certain

A

VIRUS
HIV - lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma
HEP B/C - liver cancer
HPV - malignant melanoma, cervical, penile, laryngeal CA

Hormones
Testorsterone - Prostate CA
Estrogetn - Breast CA

drugs
Chemicals
polycyclic hydrocarbons (micro plastic, nail salons, auto)
Aflatoxins (fungus on peanuts)
Nitrosamines
Radiation
98
Q

Causes of certain cancers

A 
HIV - lymphoma, Kaposi's sacoma
HEP B - liver cancer
HPV - malignant melanoma, cervical, penile, laryngeal CA
Hormones
drugs
chemicals
99
Q

Tumor Markers

A

substances secreted by malignant cells, found in blood

  • Cell surface proteins (CA125, CA19-9, CA50)
  • Oncofetal antigens, AFP, CEA
  • Cell Enzymes, PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
  • ACTH, ADH
  • uric
  • antibodies to specific cancer antigens
100
Q

Direct Visualization

A

fiberoptic flexible scope. invasive but allow inspection of organs

lungs
bronchoscopy
colonoscopy
cystoscopy

101
Q

Direct Visualization

A

fiberoptic flexible scope. invasive but allow inspection of organs

102
Q

non resectable tumor

A

cannot be removed

103
Q

Brachytherapy

A

internal radiation - radioactive implant inserted into body

104
Q

Types of Radiation

A

External, Brachytherapy (internal)

105
Q

Adverse effects of radiation therapy

A
  • Skin damage (blanching, erythema, sloughing)
  • Ulcerations of mucous membrane (stomatitis, mouth)
  • immuno supression, vulnerability to infection
  • myelo suppresion (bone marrow suppression)
  • gastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding
  • exudate in lungs (radiation pneumonia)
  • fistulas/necrosis of adjacent tissue
106
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

causes lethal injury to cellular DS. use to kill tumor, reduce size, decrease pain, relieve obstructin

107
Q

Chemotherapy

A

disrupts malignant and rapidly dividing cells by interrupting cell metabolism and replication.

108
Q

Box 12-7 Nursing care checklist for Radiation Therapy

p 276

A

.

109
Q

CSF (colony stimulating factors)

A

or hematopoietic growth factors, given to rescue bone marrow after chemo

Epogen (promote RBC)
Neupogen - promote neutrophils

They regulate growth and differentiation of blood cells and use dot help reduce bone marrow suppression

side effects:
bone pain, fever, chill, anorexia, muscle aches, lethargy

110
Q

CSF (colony stimulating factors)

A

or hematopoietic growth factors, given to rescue bone marrow after chemo

They regulate growth and differentiation of blood cells and use dot help reduce bone marrow suppression

side effects:
bone pain, fever, chill, anorexia, muscle aches, lethargy

111
Q

*** Chemo Drug Classes

see Table 12-5, p277

A 
Alkylating Agents
Antimetabolites
Antitumor Antibiotics
Plant Alkaloids
Hormones
Hormone Antagonist
Misc
BIologic Response Modifiers
112
Q

Biotherapy

A

use of meds that stimulate clients immune system to target and destroy cancer cells

113
Q

Types of BMT (Bone Marrow Transplant)

A

Allogeneic - from healthy donor

Autologous - clients own marrow

114
Q

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

A

in allogeneic donations, when immune cells of donated marrow identify the recipient as foreign body tissue. T cells in donation attack patients liver, skin, gastro tract

SYMTOMS
skin rash, sloughing, diarrhea, gastro bleeding, liver damage

115
Q

Fever and sympathetic nervous system responses, such UP Pulse
UP Respiration

are common early signs of ?

A

Infection

116
Q

Oncological Emergencies

A 
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: facial, arm edema, Perfusion and tracheal edema to resp distress - dyspnea - cyanosis  - altered consciousness, neuro.
Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Tamponade
Sepsis
Septic Shock
117
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

A

Upper lobe LUNG CA.
-tumor puts pressure on SVC causing upper body extremity edema.
facial, arm edema, Pleural effusion and tracheal edema to resp distress - dyspnea - cyanosis - altered consciousness, neuro.

NURSE INT
supply oxygen
prepare for tracheostomy
monitor VS
administer corticosteroids prn to reduce edema
safe env
118
Q

Pericardial Effusion

Cardiac Tamponade

A
  • collection of fluid in potential space betwen visceral and parietal pericardium
  • develop secondary to lung or esophogeal CAs.
  • compresses heart, restrict movement, resulting in Cardiac Tamponade.

Cardiac Tamponade:

  • circulatory collapse or cardiogenic shock, hypotension, tachycaria, tachypnea, dypnea, cyanosis, increased central venous pressuer, anxiety, restlessness, impaired consciousness.
  • Muffled heart sounds

NURSE INT
oxyen
respiratory therapy
reassure client

119
Q

Sepsis/Shock

A
  • bacteria entering the blood, grows rapidly, producing septicemia.
  • related to gram- bacteria, progress to systemic shock - multiple system failure
SYMPTOMS
Phase 1: Sepsis
vasodilation
hypovolemia
high fever
peripheral edema
hypotension
tachycardia, tachypnea (Kussmauls respiration)
hot flushed skin
creeping mottling beginning in lower extrem. ?
anxiety
restlessness
Phase 2: Shock
hypotension
rapid, thready pulse
resp distress
cyanosis
LOW temp
cold, clammy skin
LO urine output
altered mentation
NURS INT
IV fluids
monitor hemodynamics
Oxygen
cultures, wound drainage, urine, blood cultures
antibiotics
safe env
120
Q

Sepsis

A

bacteria entering the blood, grows rapidly, producing septicemia.

related to gram- bacteria, progress to systemic shock - multiple system failure

121
Q

Obstructive Uropathy

A

-pelvic malignancies, obstruction of the bladder neck or ureters

SYMPTOMS
urinary retention
ureteral obstruction

NURSE IMP
assess complaints of flank pain or urinary retention
monitor serum BUN, createinine, K
Urine culture

122
Q

Obstructive Uropathy

A

-pelvic malignancies, obstructoin of the bladder neck or ureters

SYMPTOMS
urinary retention
ureteral obstruction

NURSE IMP
assess complaints of flank pain or urinary retention
monitor serum BUN, createinine, K
Urine culture

123
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

when cancer metastisizes to bone and releases Ca
muscle weakness
fatigue, anorexia, polyuria, constipate
diminisedr eflex

can progress to physchotic behaviour

NURS INT
Ca, K, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine
VS
IV saline to increase urine

124
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

A 
metabolic abnormalities includeing
lyperuricemia
hyperphophatemia
hyperkalemia
hypocalcemia
lactic acidosi

cardiac dys and renal failure

SYMP
heart failure, cardia dysrhytmias, seizures, muscle cramps, tetany, syncope, sudden death

NURSE INT

  • identify client at risk: lymphomas, acute leukemia, eleveated serium uric acid, K, ph, impaired renal function
  • hydration, urine
  • Na bicarb
125
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

A 
metabolic abnormalities includeing
lyperuricemia
hyperphophatemia
hyperkalemia
hypocalcemia
lactic acidosi

cardiac dys and renal failure

126
Q

Wide Excision

A

when they didn’t get enough sample in the lab and they send back for more. They will biopsy a larger area.

127
Q

If cancer does not moved it is …

A

In Situ

128
Q

Centinel Node Biopsy

A

remove 1 or 2 axillary nodes on same side as procedure

129
Q

Centinel Node Biopsy

A

remove 1 or 2 axillary nodes on same side as procedure

130
Q

Why do kids usually get blast cell CAs

A

because cancers require at least 6 mutations to manifest, children haven’t had that many mutations yet.

131
Q

Stages of Prevention

A

Primary Prevention: education, prevention

Secondary: screening, early detection

132
Q

What do Sharks, the Heart, the Spleen have in common?

A

They don’t get cancer

133
Q

Kubler Ross 5 stages

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
134
Q

Kubler Ross 5 stages

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
135
Q

Radical Masectomy

A

breast and muscle tissue

raddish/root

136
Q

PET Scan

A

use radio-traced glucose to.

high metallic activity w absorb it. (CA)

137
Q

First chemo drugs

A

vincristine

vinblastine

138
Q

First chemo drugs

A

vincristine

vinblastine

139
Q

Adriamycin (cardiotoxic)

A

call DR if any heart issues arise.

140
Q

Breakthrough Pain

A

when patient being medicated yet pain breaks through pain med coverage.

‘Short Acting’ drugs are used to treat this.

given prn, or on a schedule if you recognize pattern in breakthrough pain occurrences.

141
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

CA of plasma cells
plasma cells make antibodies. In MM, they make Bence Jones proteins, that clog glomerulus.

Indicator of Multiple Myeloma, Bence Jones Protein

142
Q

3 stages of Homeostasis

A

1) Vasoconstriction
2) Platelet Plug
3) Clotting Factors

143
Q

3 stages of Homeostasis

A

1) Vasoconstriction
2) Platelet Plug
3) Clotting Factors

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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