X A&P - Ch 4, Tissue, Glands and Membranes Flashcards
Histology
Study of tissues
Skin Overview
See image
4 Main Groups of Tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Protective covering for body, outer layer of skin
Forms mucous membrane, ducts, inner lining of any opening
Lines body cavities and hollow organs
Epithelial Tissue Structure
by shape
Squamous - Flat, round (simple squamous)
Cuboidal
Clumnar
Epithelial Tissue (by layers)
Simple - single layer (simple squamous)
Stratified - double layer (stratified cuboidal)
Pseudostratified - false, looks like double layer but not really
Squamous
capillary walls, lung alveoli, glomerular capsule in kidney, serous membranes
Cuboidal
Tubules and ducts (i.e. kidney, liver, glands)
Columnar
lining of stomach, intestine, oviducts
Pseudostratified
Columnar cells that appear stratified but are not. only in Lining of respiratory passages (Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells)
Where does body use squamous cells
where layer needs to be thin to allow fro diffusion across membrane. flat and thin. Alveoli & Capillaries
Goblets
in epithelial tissue. Secrete mucos.
Types of Glands
made from eptithelium
Exocrine
Endocrine
Exocrine Glands
secrete through glands (and external ducts) to deliver to other regions (i.e. sweat, sebum, digestive enzymes)
Types Connective Tissue
Supporting fabric of body
Lots of matrix btwn cells
Circulating - blood, plasma
Generalized - membrane btwn skin and muscle (loose aereolar connective tissue)
Structural - bone, cartilage, ligaments
Connective Tissue
Supporting fabric of body
Lots of matrix btwn cells
Circulating
Types of
Generalized Connective Tissue
Loose: aereolar, adipose
Dense
Adipose (type of generalized connective tissue )
Fat
Cellulite forms when
Collagen is damaged by sun, adipose fills in spaces.
Loose Connective Tissue
Soft Matrix
Provides support, protection
AREOLAR : loose mixture, semi liquid. Around organs and vessels, in membranes, under skin
ADIPOSE: cells modified to store fat. Insulates body. Stored in tissues as energy supply. Padding around organs and joints, under skin
Types of Dense Connective Tissue
Firm matrix , collagen, elastic fibers
Provides protection, support, flexibility, attachment
IRREGULAR- fibrous membranes, capsules, random arrangement (Kevlar)
REGULAR- ligaments, tendons. Parallel alignment
ELASTIC- can stretch and return to original size. Blood vessel walls, respiratory passage.
Types of
Structural Connective Tissue
Strongest and firmest
Cartilage
Bone
Types of
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal: voluntary, striated
Cardiac (myocardium): involuntary, contains intercalated discs
Smooth (visceral): involuntary, unstriated
intercalated discs
Make it easier for cardiac muscle to conduct electricity through muscle
Involuntary movements
Spasm
Reflex
Shivering
Neuron
- Basic unit of nervous tissue
- Transmit electrical impulses
- Bunch of nerve fibers held together w connective tissue
Types of
Epithelial Membranes
Serous: lines body cavities
Mucous: line tubes and ducts
Cutaneous: skin
Serous Memberane
Line body cavities
Don’t connect to outside body
Secrete serous fluid acts as lubricant
Neuroglia
Support and protect nervous tissue
Some get rid of foreign material and debris
Some form myelin sheath around axons
DO NOT TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES
Membranes
Thin sheets of tissue Cover surfaces Serve as dividers Line organs and cavities Anchor organs Secrete lubricants
2 main type of Membranes
Epithelial
Connective tissue
2 layers of Serous membrane
Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer)
Balloon example
Pleuritis
When when visceral and parietal layer of serous membrane rub
Mucous membrane
Line tubes and ducts to outside body
Trap and remove foreign particles
Protect deeper tissue
Absorb food materials
Goblet cells
Make mucous
Connective Tissue Membrane
Connective tissue, no epithelium
Synovial membranes: secrete synovial tissue
Meninges: cover brain and spinal cord
Fascia: underneath skin, insulates body, protects skeletal muscles
What tissue conducts electricity?
Muscle and nervous
Connective Tissue
AREOLAR - between skin and muscle
Adipose
Sudoripherous gland
Sweat gland
Exocrine glands
Sweat
Salivary
Sebaceous
Circulating connective tissue
Blood
Plasma
Synovial fluid
Generalized connective tissue
Loose- AREOLAR, adipose
Dense- strongest
Serous membrane types
Pericardium
Pleura
Peritoneum
Cartilage , what kind of tissue?
Structural connective tissue
Hyaline: nose, trachea
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs
Elastic: ear, epiglottis
Bone , what kind of tissue?
Osseous tissue
Osteocytes embedded in background matrix
Osteo (blast)
Cells that make, build up
Osteo (clast)
Cells that break down
Osteoporosis
Too much osteoclast activity
Breaking down.
Nerves
Bunch of neurons running down same pathway
Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
protect brain and axons. produce myelin
Cancerous growths made of glial cells
