X A&P - Chp 12 - Endocrine System: Glands & Hormones Flashcards
1
Q
Pineal Gland releases
A
Melatonin
mood, sex hormones
2
Q
Anterior Pituitary Gland releases
A
- GH, growth hormone
- TSH, thyroid stimulating
- ACTH, (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glococorticoids and androgens (anti stress)
- PRL, prolactin, stimulates milk
3
Q
Posterior Pituitary gland releases
A
- ADH, antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin, uterine muscle contraction
4
Q
Parathyroid Glands
A
PTH, parathyroid hormone, increases calcium by attacking bones if serum calcium is low.
5
Q
Pancreatic Islets
A
Insulin, allow glucose to enter cell walls.
6
Q
Thyroid gland
A
- metabolism
- T4, Thyroxine
- T3, triodothyronine
7
Q
Adrenal medulla
A
Epinephrine
8
Q
Adrenal cortex
A
- Cortisol, increases blood glucose concentration
- Aldosterone, promotes salt retention and water follows.
9
Q
what gland controls the pituitary gland
A
hypothalmus
10
Q
Medulary hormones aka
A
Catecholamines
secrete from Adrenal Medula
11
Q
Sympatho Mimetic aka
A
Adrenergic
acts like Adrenoline, act like Sympathetic sysetm
12
Q
What promotes healing
A
protein
13
Q
what provides energy
A
glucose
14
Q
Alpha receptors
A
mostly on blood vessels
sympathetic?
15
Q
Beta recepters
A
mostly on heart
parasympathetic?
16
Q
Alpha/Beta Adrenergic receptors
what system, what NT?
A
Sympathetic NS
Epinephrine
17
Q
Cholinergic receptors
moscarinic and nicotinic
A
Parasympathetic NS
Acetylcholine
18
Q
What stimulates Nervous System?
A
Electricity
19
Q
What stimulates Endocrine System?
A
checmical stimuli
20
Q
Afferent aka
A
Sensory
21
Q
Efferent aka
A
Motor
22
Q
Afferent travels ???
A
up dorsal to CNS. Sensory nerves
23
Q
Efferent travels ????
A
down anterior to motor
24
Q
Acromegaly
A
too much growth hormone during adulthood. bones stop growing so hands, feet, nose, jaw grow
25
Growth Hormone receptor cells?
All cells have receptors
26
Cretinism
Hypothyroid problems in infants
27
ADH
Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes reabsorbtion of water from kidney tubules to decrease water excretion
28
Oxytocin
- Posterior Pituitary
| - causes uterine contraction and triggers milk ejection from breasts
29
Hormones made of
protein
30
- name Steroid Hormones
| - made of?
- lipids
| - Androgens, Estrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, corticoids (cortisol))
31
ACTH
- secreted by Anterior Pituitary,
| - Adrenocorticotropic Hormones, stimulate adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. response to stress.
32
Prostoglandins
- notorious for causing pain. Uterus creates when menstruating.
- hormone-like lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids
33
Endogenous
from inside body
34
Exogenous
from outside body
35
Endocrine System
collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.
36
Endocrine works using what kind of stimuli?
chemical
37
Exocrine Glands secrete where
through ducts
38
Endocrine glands secrete how?
directly into tissue.
39
Is Pancreas Exo or Endocrine?
BOTH
40
Amino Acids
- made of proteins
| - all hormones except steroids
41
Lipids
- made of fatty acids
- most are steroids
- produced in adrenal cortex and sex glands
- prostoglandins are also lipids
42
Negative Feedback
- most common type of hormone regulation
1. endocrine secretes hormone
2. tissue becomes active
3. tissue negatively effects gland to decrease secretion
43
Positive Feedback
-hormone response produces more hormone
| (ie labor, Pitocin)
44
Negaive Feeback image Fig 12-1
see pic
44
What part of brain produces ADH (anti diuretic hormone, and oxytocin?
Hypothalamus
45
ADH and Oxytocin stored where in brain
ADH, antidiuretic hormone prevents kidneys from making urine. They re absorb water. Protects from dehydration. Secreted when brain senses thirst
Oxytocin, feel good drug, pitocin to promote labor,
Posterior pituitary
Made by hypothalamus
Nerve impulses stimulate secretions
46
Some Hormones produced in anterior pituitary lobe
GH,TSH, ACRH adrenocorticotropic
| And sex hormones
47
Thymus function
Were tcells go to learn their trade.
48
Where is Melatonin made?
Pineal. Sleep/wake cycle, connection between mortal and spiritual realm.
49
Blympocyte
Formed in blood
3 types of blood cells
Natural killer cells, Tcells, Bcells
50
Parathyroid Gland secretes ?
A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. This test is used to help identify hyperparathyroidism, to find the cause of abnormal calcium levels, or to check the status of chronic kidney disease. PTH controls calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.
PTH is made by the parathyroid glands , which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland . If the blood calcium level is too low, the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This causes the bones to release more calcium into the blood and reduces the amount of calcium released by the kidneys into the urine. Also, vitamin D is converted to a more active form, causing the intestines to absorb more calcium and phosphorus. If the calcium level is too high, the parathyroid glands release less PTH, and the whole process is reversed.
PTH levels that are too high or too low can cause problems with the kidneys and bones and cause changes in calcium and vitamin D levels.
51
Fig 12-3
| Hypothalamus , pituitary gland and target tissue
See pic
52
Pituitary rumors cause
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Over production of GH. Gigantism too much as a child, acromegaly too much as adult after bone line were formed. Bones don't grown anymore, only hands feet jaw nose
53
Thyroid secretes
T3, tri iodothyronine
T4, thyroxine
Control how well we burn glucose into ATP
54
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine, T4,
- principal hormone
- Increase energy & protein metab rate
Triiodothyronine, T3
-increase energy & protein metab rate
Calcitonin
- regulate calcium metabolism
- decrease serum calcium when levels too high . Push back into bone or let kidney secrete.
55
Thyroid needs ???
Iodine
56
Renal Osteodystrophy
When serum calcium decreases, parathyroid secretes PTH which secretes osteoblasts that break down bone for the calcium.
When in renal failure, when phosphorus increases, ser calcium goes down stimulating release if PTH to start cycle
57
Calcitonin does what to serum calcium?
Lowers it
58
Adrenal gland makeup
- Each gland sits atop each kidney
- each gland has 2 parts.
- Medulla (inside), medullary hormones, chatecholamines (epi norepi)
- Cortex (outside)
59
Adrenal medulla simulates
Epinephrine, fight it flight
60
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
- glucorticoids, cortisol (anti inflammatory)
- mineralocorticoids, aldosterone (similar to ADH , makes kidneys re absorb Na therefore we absorb h2o
- sex hormones
62
2 hormones that prevent dehydration
ADH (anti diuretic horm, from pituitary
| Aldosterone, from Adrenal Medulla
63
Pancreas Structure
- Acini - secrete digestive enzymes (ducts)
| - Islets - secrete hormones
64
Pancreatic Hormones (from eyelets)
- INSULIN - beta cells, lowers blood sugar, stimulates manufacture of amino acids into protein
- GLUCAGON - alpha cells, increases blood sugar
65
When is glucagon released?
when blood sugar is low
66
Glucose in converted to ??? to be stored in the liver?
Glocagon
67
Blood Sugar LOW = Glocogon to INCREASE`
| fig 12-9
Blood Sugar HIGH = Insulin to LOWER
| see image
68
3 Ps of Diabetes
1) Polyphasia (eat alot, because cells not absorbing glocose, so cells think body is hungry and the patient eats, but glcuse still not absorbing into cells without insulin, they keep eating)
2) Polydipsia (drink alot, because cells die, shrink, H2O goes from cells to blood)
3) Polyurea (pee alot)
