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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X A&P - Chp 12 - Endocrine System: Glands & Hormones > Flashcards

X A&P - Chp 12 - Endocrine System: Glands & Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Pineal Gland releases

A

Melatonin

mood, sex hormones

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2
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland releases

A
  • GH, growth hormone
  • TSH, thyroid stimulating
  • ACTH, (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glococorticoids and androgens (anti stress)
  • PRL, prolactin, stimulates milk
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3
Q

Posterior Pituitary gland releases

A
  • ADH, antidiuretic hormone

- Oxytocin, uterine muscle contraction

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4
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

PTH, parathyroid hormone, increases calcium by attacking bones if serum calcium is low.

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5
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

Insulin, allow glucose to enter cell walls.

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6
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • metabolism
  • T4, Thyroxine
  • T3, triodothyronine
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7
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

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8
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • Cortisol, increases blood glucose concentration

- Aldosterone, promotes salt retention and water follows.

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9
Q

what gland controls the pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus

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10
Q

Medulary hormones aka

A

Catecholamines

secrete from Adrenal Medula

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11
Q

Sympatho Mimetic aka

A

Adrenergic

acts like Adrenoline, act like Sympathetic sysetm

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12
Q

What promotes healing

A

protein

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13
Q

what provides energy

A

glucose

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14
Q

Alpha receptors

A

mostly on blood vessels

sympathetic?

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15
Q

Beta recepters

A

mostly on heart

parasympathetic?

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16
Q

Alpha/Beta Adrenergic receptors

what system, what NT?

A

Sympathetic NS

Epinephrine

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17
Q

Cholinergic receptors

moscarinic and nicotinic

A

Parasympathetic NS

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What stimulates Nervous System?

A

Electricity

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19
Q

What stimulates Endocrine System?

A

checmical stimuli

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20
Q

Afferent aka

A

Sensory

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21
Q

Efferent aka

A

Motor

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22
Q

Afferent travels ???

A

up dorsal to CNS. Sensory nerves

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23
Q

Efferent travels ????

A

down anterior to motor

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24
Q

Acromegaly

A

too much growth hormone during adulthood. bones stop growing so hands, feet, nose, jaw grow

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25
Q

Growth Hormone receptor cells?

A

All cells have receptors

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26
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroid problems in infants

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27
Q

ADH

A

Produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes reabsorbtion of water from kidney tubules to decrease water excretion

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28
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Posterior Pituitary

- causes uterine contraction and triggers milk ejection from breasts

29
Q

Hormones made of

A

protein

30
Q
  • name Steroid Hormones

- made of?

A
  • lipids

- Androgens, Estrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, corticoids (cortisol))

31
Q

ACTH

A
  • secreted by Anterior Pituitary,

- Adrenocorticotropic Hormones, stimulate adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. response to stress.

32
Q

Prostoglandins

A
  • notorious for causing pain. Uterus creates when menstruating.
  • hormone-like lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids
33
Q

Endogenous

A

from inside body

34
Q

Exogenous

A

from outside body

35
Q

Endocrine System

A

collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.

36
Q

Endocrine works using what kind of stimuli?

A

chemical

37
Q

Exocrine Glands secrete where

A

through ducts

38
Q

Endocrine glands secrete how?

A

directly into tissue.

39
Q

Is Pancreas Exo or Endocrine?

A

BOTH

40
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • made of proteins

- all hormones except steroids

41
Q

Lipids

A
  • made of fatty acids
  • most are steroids
  • produced in adrenal cortex and sex glands
  • prostoglandins are also lipids
42
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • most common type of hormone regulation
    1. endocrine secretes hormone
    2. tissue becomes active
    3. tissue negatively effects gland to decrease secretion
43
Q

Positive Feedback

A

-hormone response produces more hormone

(ie labor, Pitocin)

44
Q

Negaive Feeback image Fig 12-1

A

see pic

44
Q

What part of brain produces ADH (anti diuretic hormone, and oxytocin?

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

ADH and Oxytocin stored where in brain

ADH, antidiuretic hormone prevents kidneys from making urine. They re absorb water. Protects from dehydration. Secreted when brain senses thirst

Oxytocin, feel good drug, pitocin to promote labor,

A

Posterior pituitary

Made by hypothalamus
Nerve impulses stimulate secretions

46
Q

Some Hormones produced in anterior pituitary lobe

A

GH,TSH, ACRH adrenocorticotropic

And sex hormones

47
Q

Thymus function

A

Were tcells go to learn their trade.

48
Q

Where is Melatonin made?

A

Pineal. Sleep/wake cycle, connection between mortal and spiritual realm.

49
Q

Blympocyte

A

Formed in blood
3 types of blood cells
Natural killer cells, Tcells, Bcells

50
Q

Parathyroid Gland secretes ?

A

A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. This test is used to help identify hyperparathyroidism, to find the cause of abnormal calcium levels, or to check the status of chronic kidney disease. PTH controls calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.

PTH is made by the parathyroid glands , which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland . If the blood calcium level is too low, the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This causes the bones to release more calcium into the blood and reduces the amount of calcium released by the kidneys into the urine. Also, vitamin D is converted to a more active form, causing the intestines to absorb more calcium and phosphorus. If the calcium level is too high, the parathyroid glands release less PTH, and the whole process is reversed.

PTH levels that are too high or too low can cause problems with the kidneys and bones and cause changes in calcium and vitamin D levels.

51
Q

Fig 12-3

Hypothalamus , pituitary gland and target tissue

A

See pic

52
Q

Pituitary rumors cause

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly

Over production of GH. Gigantism too much as a child, acromegaly too much as adult after bone line were formed. Bones don’t grown anymore, only hands feet jaw nose

53
Q

Thyroid secretes

A

T3, tri iodothyronine
T4, thyroxine

Control how well we burn glucose into ATP

54
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Thyroxine, T4,

  • principal hormone
  • Increase energy & protein metab rate

Triiodothyronine, T3
-increase energy & protein metab rate

Calcitonin

  • regulate calcium metabolism
  • decrease serum calcium when levels too high . Push back into bone or let kidney secrete.
55
Q

Thyroid needs ???

A

Iodine

56
Q

Renal Osteodystrophy

A

When serum calcium decreases, parathyroid secretes PTH which secretes osteoblasts that break down bone for the calcium.

When in renal failure, when phosphorus increases, ser calcium goes down stimulating release if PTH to start cycle

57
Q

Calcitonin does what to serum calcium?

A

Lowers it

58
Q

Adrenal gland makeup

A
  • Each gland sits atop each kidney
  • each gland has 2 parts.
  • Medulla (inside), medullary hormones, chatecholamines (epi norepi)
  • Cortex (outside)
59
Q

Adrenal medulla simulates

A

Epinephrine, fight it flight

60
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

A
  • glucorticoids, cortisol (anti inflammatory)
  • mineralocorticoids, aldosterone (similar to ADH , makes kidneys re absorb Na therefore we absorb h2o
  • sex hormones
62
Q

2 hormones that prevent dehydration

A

ADH (anti diuretic horm, from pituitary

Aldosterone, from Adrenal Medulla

63
Q

Pancreas Structure

A
  • Acini - secrete digestive enzymes (ducts)

- Islets - secrete hormones

64
Q

Pancreatic Hormones (from eyelets)

A
  • INSULIN - beta cells, lowers blood sugar, stimulates manufacture of amino acids into protein
  • GLUCAGON - alpha cells, increases blood sugar
65
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

when blood sugar is low

66
Q

Glucose in converted to ??? to be stored in the liver?

A

Glocagon

67
Q

Blood Sugar LOW = Glocogon to INCREASE`

fig 12-9

A

Blood Sugar HIGH = Insulin to LOWER

see image

68
Q

3 Ps of Diabetes

A

1) Polyphasia (eat alot, because cells not absorbing glocose, so cells think body is hungry and the patient eats, but glcuse still not absorbing into cells without insulin, they keep eating)
2) Polydipsia (drink alot, because cells die, shrink, H2O goes from cells to blood)
3) Polyurea (pee alot)

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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