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wow another test Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA’s nucleotides (a unit of heredity).

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2
Q

DNA VS. RNA Bases

A

Thymine VS. Uracil

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3
Q

Sequence of Translation

A

1) mRNA leaves nucleus to ribosome
2) mRNA codon pairs with complementary tRNA anti-codon
3) tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
4) Amino acids are brought and connected to form a protein

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4
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

What divides genetic material in a cell when connecting to the centrioles (also known as a microtubules)

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5
Q

Centromere

A

Part of a chromosome that holds the two chromatids together

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

1) Discovered DNA in 1869
2) Discovered complete dominance inheritance patterns

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7
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

Discovered base pair levels are almost always equal

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8
Q

Rosalin Franklin

A

Used a technique called X-Ray Diffraction to see the molecule of DNA

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9
Q

James Watson

A

Showed Rosalin Franklin’s photo in 1953 (known as Picture 51)

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10
Q

Francis Crick

A

Worked with James Watson to make a model that showed how DNA
1) Carried Info
2) Could be copied

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11
Q

What Creates a Chromosome’s Shape?

A

DNA’s spirals

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12
Q

Who Proposed Complimentary Base Pair Rules?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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13
Q

Four Base Pairs in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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14
Q

James Watson’s Lifetime

A

June 1928 - present

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15
Q

Francis Crick’s Lifetime

A

July 1916 - July 2004

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16
Q

When Did James Watson and Francis Crick Win the Nobel Prize?

A

1962

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17
Q

Use of DNA’s Double Helix Shape

A

1) Protection
2) Continue forming
3) Spiral into chromosome

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18
Q

Heredity

A

Traits passed down from parents to offspring

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19
Q

Replication Fork

A

The “active site” where the DNA strand is split into two and DNA replication takes place

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20
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with the same length, shape, and set of genes

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21
Q

Why Do Cells Divide?

A

1) Replace old/worn out/dying cells
2) Replace damaged cells
3) Create new cells for growth/development

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Phase in which the cell prepares for cell division

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23
Q

G1

A

Gap 1 - Cell grows in size

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24
Q

S

A

Synthesis - DNA replication

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25
Q

G2

A

Gap 2 - Organelles are copied and cell prepares for division

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26
Q

G Meaning

A

Gap - Periods of inactivity and normal metabolic activity

27
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus (including DNA)

28
Q

1st Phase of Mitosis

A

Prophase - Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane starts to break, spindles form

29
Q

2nd Phase of Mitosis

A

Metaphase - Chromosomes align in center and spindle fibers connect

30
Q

3rd Phase of Mitosis

A

Anaphase - Chromosomes are divided, cell begins to split

31
Q

4th Phase of Mitosis

A

Telophase - Nucleus forms around each group of chromosomes

32
Q

At the End of Mitosis

A

There are two separate nuclei

33
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Stage where the cytoplasm splits and two separate cells are made

34
Q

Cytokinesis Looks Different In

A

Plants versus animal cells

35
Q

Chromatin

A

A mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

36
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

The identical copies formed by DNA replication of a chromosome

37
Q

Centrioles

A

The organelles that help cells divide (also known as centrosomes)

38
Q

Stem Cells

A

Special human cells that develop into many different cell types

39
Q

Order of Time Mitosis Phases

A

1) Interphase
2) Anaphase
3) Telophase
4) Metaphase
5) Prophase

40
Q

Signs of Cancer in Cells

A

1) Large number of dividing cells
2) Large variably shaped nuclei
3) Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
4) Variation in size and shape
5) Loss of normal cell features
6) Disorganized arrangement
7) Poorly defined tumor boundary

41
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

How your DNA can lead to the making of protein

42
Q

Synthesis

A

To make something

43
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

43
Q

Promoter

A

Region before gene

44
Q

Translation

A

mRNA to protein

45
Q

Introns

A

Do not code for proteins so are spliced

46
Q

Splicing

47
Q

Exons

A

Region on mRNA leaves nucleus and codes for protein

48
Q

Splicesome

A

ALWAYS removes introns

49
Q

Alternate Splicing

A

Randomly removes exons

50
Q

Genetic Code

A

1) 20 amino acids
2) 64 possible codon combinations
3) 3 stop codons

51
Q

Mutation

A

A change within a nucleic acid

52
Q

Types of Chromosome Mutations

A

Duplication, deletion, inversion, and translocation

53
Q

Inversion

A

Segment breaks off and reattaches in reverse

54
Q

Translocation

A

Segment breaks off and reattaches to different chromosome

55
Q

Point Mutation

A

Base-pair substitution

56
Q

Causes of Mutations

A

1) Transposable elements
2) During replication
3) Environment
4) Mutagen

57
Q

Transposable Elements

A

Segment of DNA that spontaneously moves to another segment

58
Q

Chromosome

A

The form DNA takes when it winds up in an organized structure to complete cell division

59
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

The protective layer that surrounds DNA in a eukaryotic cell

60
Q

One Cell Divides Into

A

Two diploid cells

61
Q

Where mRNA, rRNA, tRNA are Found

A

mRNA - Nucleus and cytoplasm
rRNA - Cytoplasm
tRNA - Cytoplasm

62
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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