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Honors Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

How Long Ago Did the First Mammals Appear on Earth?

A

200 MYA

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1
Q

Three Common Traits of Mammals

A

1) Reproduce
2) Breath air
3) Warm blooded

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2
Q

Fitness

A

The relative ability of an individual or population to survive, reproduce, and pass on genes

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3
Q

Anagenesis

A

A pattern of evolution where there is no branching of the phylogenetic tree

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4
Q

Cladogenesis

A

A pattern of evolution where there is a branching from the original species on the phylogenetic tree

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5
Q

Anagenesis and Cladogenesis Both Result In

A

Forming a new species

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6
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change over time

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7
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms that are best adapted to the environment survive and reproduce more than others

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8
Q

Four Steps to Natural Selection

A

1) Overproduction
2) Variation
3) Competition
4) Selection

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9
Q

Overproduction

A

Each species produces more offspring than can survive

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10
Q

Variation

A

Individuals have the unique combination of inherited traits

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11
Q

Competition

A

Individuals keep for limited resources including food, water, space, mates, or staying alive

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12
Q

Selection

A

The individuals with the best traits/adaptions will survive and have the opportunity to pass its traits to its offspring

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13
Q

Adaption

A

An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival

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14
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Each living species had descended, with changes, from other species over time

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15
Q

Common Descent

A

All living organisms are related

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16
Q

Absolute/Radiometric Dating

A

Looking at the radioactive decay of the atoms in the fossils or Earth around it to determine an exact age

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17
Q

Archaeopyterx

A

Missing link between reptiles and birds

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18
Q

Vestige Organs

A

“Leftover” traces of evolution that serve no purpose

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19
Q

Embryology

A

Embryos of all vertebrates are very similar early on

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20
Q

Biochemistry

A

DNA with more similar sequences suggest species are more closely related

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21
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary changes within a small group of organisms or species over a slow time

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22
Q

Macroevolution

A

Major changes among species occurring over a long period of time

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23
Q

Evolution Occurs When

A

Various pressures drive change and good traits build up in a population over many generations while bad traits are eliminated over time

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24
Q

Order of Evolution

A

Variation to pressure to selection to time

25
Q

Three Natural Pressures

A

Resource availability, environmental conditions, and biological factors

26
Q

Resource Availability

A

Presence of sufficient food, habitat, and mates

27
Q

Environmental Conditions

A

Temperature, weather conditions, or geographical access

28
Q

Biological Factors

A

Predators and pathogens (diseases)

29
Q

Intentional Artificial Pressures

A

Humans select variants, known as selective breeding

30
Q

Unintentional Artificial Pressures

A

Overuse of antibiotics creating antibiotic resistant bacteria, pollution

31
Q

Directional Selection

A

Shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction

32
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors intermediate forms of a trait

33
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors forms of a trait at the extremes of a range

34
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new and distinct species caused by reproductive isolation

35
Q

Geographical Isolation

A

A physical Barries separating two groups of a population

36
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Two populations are capable of breeding but are isolated by differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors associated with mating

37
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species become different by reproducing at different times

38
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification

39
Q

Order of Taxonomy

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

40
Q

Eubacteria

A

Unicellular, cell wall of peptidoglycan, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, autotrophic, photosynthesis

41
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Unicellular, cell wall with no peptidoglycan, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, autotrophic, photosynthesis

42
Q

Protista

A

Unicellular/some multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, heterotrophic

43
Q

Fungi

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall with chitin, heterotrophic, decomposers

44
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall with cellulose, non-moving, autotrophic, photosynthesis

45
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, mobile, heterotrophic

46
Q

Three Domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

47
Q

Scientific Names

A

Binomial nomenclature, genus and species

48
Q

Autotrophic

A

Makes its own food

49
Q

Heterotrophic

A

An organism eating other organisms

50
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex

51
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

The idea that evolution occurs in spurts instead of following a slow and steady path

52
Q

Genetic Drift

A

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

53
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

A principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

54
Q

Order of Human Evolution

A

First bipedalism and then larger frontal lobe

55
Q

Mammals

A

Appeared 220 MYA and have body temperature control, four chambered hearts, cerebral cortex development

56
Q

Primates

A

65 MYA and have binocular vision, rotating shoulder joints, and prehensile tail. Two types are prosimians and arthropods

57
Q

Hominids

A

Opposable thumb, bipedal locomotion, and larger brain case

58
Q

Bottleneck

A

Population bottlenecks occur when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation

59
Q

Founder effect

A

A founder effect occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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