World History Exam 3 Flashcards
Gavrilo Princip
Slavic nationalist
Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand; this assassination sparked World War I
Bosnia member of the resistance group called the Black Hand
Nicholas II
He was crowned tsar in Moscow on May 26, 1896
He was the last Russian Emperor
Nominally supervised the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
Wilhelm II
Emperor of Germany
King of Prussia from 1888 to 1918
He was the last person to hold the title of Kaiser
Erich von Faulkenhayn
Lived from 1861 to 1922
Prussian minister of war
Chief of the General Staff early in World War I
Paul von Hindenburg
He was a German general.
He gained renown during World War 1 and later as president of the Weimar Republic.
He is most relevant through Holocaust history through his dealings with Adolf Hitler.
David Lloyd George
He led Britain during the Paris Peace Conference
He intended to dominate the League of Nations
He was the British prime minister from 1916 to 1922
Grigori Rasputin
He was a peasant Siberian crazy monk
Lived from 1869 to 1916
He was an influential favorite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, due to his ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikoleyivich
Battle of the Marne
Ended in a stalemate
Saved Paris from capture by pushing the Germans back.
Lost one tenth of the entire army in one week.
Battle of Verdun
Lasted February 1, 1916 until December.
This was the first time Germany deployed storm troopers.
Their plan was to bleed France white.
Brusilov Offensive
Largest Russian assault during WWI
One of the deadliest assaults in history
Occured from June to August, 1916.
Battle of the Somme
Begins June 24, 1916.
It was the biggest of the entire war in terms of total shells fired (no high explosives).
It was the worst day in British military history.
Battle of Paschendaele
Also known as the 3rd battle of Ypres.
It has shaped the perceptions of the 1st World War on the Western Front.
Fought between July and November 1917 both sides suffered heavy casualties.
Vladimir Lenin
He was the leader of the Bolshevik (minority) party.
Was a strong supporter of Marxism.
He overthrew the Russian government in November of 1917
July Days
During the Provisional government there was an attempted military overthrow of the government.
The Provisional gov sided with the Bolsheviks to defeated General Kornilov.
This would restore order temporarily.
Alexander Kerensky
He led the Russian provisional government and the short lived Russian republic.
He was liberal minded.
When the government was overthrown by the Bolsehviks he fled .
Georges Clemenceau
He was a statesman
He was a journalist.
He was a dominant figure in the French third republic.
Leon Trotsky
One of the masterminds of the Bolshevik Revolution
He was the Bolsehvik delegate at the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
He was a central figure in the 1905 revolution, October revolution, and Russian Civil War, and the establishment of the Soviet Union
Douglas Haig
He was a controversial commander because he suffered great losses.
Due to his great losses his nickname was the “Butcher”.
He commanded the British army when it achieved arguably its greatest victory over the Germans on the Western Front
Kaiserschlact
The purpose was to push the English back to the channel
There were 5 free divisions from the Eastern Front.
It was the worst non-nuclear battle of war.
General Kornilov
He was a Siberian Cossack He entered the regular Russian army rather than the Cossack forces.
Kornilov became a divisional commander during World War I.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s ideas to keep lasting peace
The allies rejected these points
The League of Nations was one of Wilson’s fourteen points
Freikorps
Were irregular German and other European military volunteer units
These existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries
They effectively fought as mercenaries, regardless of their own nationality
Spartacist Uprising
In January 1919, 100,000 workers went on strike and demonstrated in the center of Berlin.
This demonstration was taken over by the Spartacist leadership.
Newspaper and communication buildings were seized and the demonstrators armed themselves.
Easter Rising
The Easter Rising was an armed rebellion against British rule
It took place in Ireland in 1916
It was staged by several militant republican groups working together.
Schlieffen Plan
The plan was to attack France first then Russia.
Germany crosses into Belgium August 4-5.
France then attacks, then France falls back.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
This was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918
Germany will require a lot of territory and Russia will drop out of the war
It resulted in Russia losing major territorial holdings
ESSAY:
Describe the causes of the Great War. How and why did the alliance system develop? What were the factors that led the European powers to go to war in the summer of 1914?
There were four major causes of the Great War. These causes were militarism, alliance systems, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism is the belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to defend their nation.
Alliance Systems are mutualy agreements between 2+ countries. Alliance Systems developed to provide a mutualy benefit for others, and to help protect other countries.
The countries in Alliance with each other were the following: Great Britain, France, Russia (triple entente), US, and Italy. The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
Imperialism is
Nationalism is
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip sparked the war. Describe this:
ESSAY:
Describe the two stages of the Russian Revolution? Why did the Provisional Government ultimately fail, and why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power?
What were the effects of the Bolshevik Revolution on the rest of Europe?
Two revolutions took place in 1917. The first was commonly referred to as the February Revolution. It overthrew the imperial government. The second, the Bolshevik Revolution, brought the Bolsheviks to power.The dire social conditions of the Russian people, rural and urban, and unpopularity of the Tsar’s regime forced him to abdicate his throne in February 1917. The replacement by a provisional government provided ineffective governance and the platform for the Bolsheviks to seize power in the October revolution. It led to the establishment of a Communist system, which for decades was seen by many Europeans as an alternative to fascism, but also to parliamentary democracy and the liberal market economy. Russia needed reform, there were several shortages mostly with food,
The provisional government failed bc they were out of touch with the Russian people, particularly the peasants. The second failure is that they were committed to staying in the war.
ESSAY:
Discuss the military aspect of the Great War. What were some strategies, tactics, and weapons used? Why did it result in a stalemate on the Western Front? What was the situation like on the Eastern Front?
Battles of Verdun and Barne were some major battles during the war. The Eastern and Western Fronts played a huge part. Some of the war strategies included the Schleiffen Plan for thee German side. The commanders include Faulkenhayn, Ludendorff, for the British there was the Butcher, for the French there was Ferdinand Foch. The war involved around 40 countries in the main coalitions: the Allies (or Entente Powers) and the Central Powers. Early land warfare tactics included the use of cover, charges and counterattacks. Land battles quickly led to trench warfare on the Western Front in Belgium and France. World War I popularized the use of the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous. Thus trench warfare was born. Stalemate in WWI happened primarily due to the effective use of trench warfare. Both sides had built extensive defensive systems that made forward movement nearly impossible. Combining this with the rapid advancements in weaponry led to deadlock, hence the stalemate. The fighting on the Eastern Front was terrible and incessant, brutal beyond belief. Both sides fought with demonic fury—the Germans to crush the hated Slavs, and the Soviets to defend the sacred soil of Mother Russia. Atrocities including beheadings and mass rapes occurred daily. This became a war of attrition
How did the Paris Peace Conference help shape the post-war world? Who were the leaders of the Versailles Treaty? How did the treaty influence developments of the Central Powers? Were Wilson’s 14 Points accepted?
include the 5 major powers: France , Britain, Japan , Italy, Untied states
later on became the big 3: USA, France, and Britain
The terms of the peace treaty were NOT fair to the Central powers; they were very harsh.The leaders of this treaty were Woodrow Wilson, Lloyd George, Vittorio Emmanuel Orlando, Georges Clemenceau Germany had to sign a war thing and had to pay billions of dollars of war reparations; billions of dollars which were not paid back until 2010 in full. They will lose thousands of square miles of territory, they will be unilaterally disarmed, so they had to give up their tanks. They gave up all their planes and their naval.
Wilson’s 14 points were not all accepted. Some were. Some of them were not realistic, which is why they weren’t accepted. Discuss the League of Nations, what is it, how the 14 points relate to it.
